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JUNIOR REAR ADMIRAL, 




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SENIOR omCER PRESENT 



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SURVEY 



MILITARY AND NAVAL 
RECOGNITION BOOK 

A Handbook on the Organization, 

Insignia of Rank, and Customs 

of the Service of the World's 

Important Armies and Navies 



Lieut. J: W. BUNKLEY 

U. S. Navy 



51 FULL-PAGE FLATES 
18 IN COLORS 




NEW YORK 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 

25 Park Place 
1917 



NAVY 3^f> 




EISTT 



WASHJ^srcj'y^^r 



V •• 




October 6, 1917. 



To: Lieutenant J. W. Bunkley, U. S. Navy, 

SUBJECT: Publication of Article. 

1. You are authorized to publish the manuscript sub- 
mitted this day for scrutiny in accordance with Article 
1534 (3) Navy Regulations, 1913. 




:.;.: JAN -3 1918 



Copyright, 1917 

BT 

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 



©ClA48lJiUU 



n^o 



\ 



PREFACE 



The following pages were prepared, not only for 
those in the Military and Naval Service, but also 
for the Laymen who, since the beginning of the war, 
have shown such a keen interest in the uniforms, 
insignia, and customs of our fighting forces. The 
information was all obtained from official sources and 
every effort has been put forth to make it as cor- 
rect and as complete as possible. Special stress has 
been laid on the insignia of rank, which has been 
shown in the most minute detail. 

It is hoped that every man, both old and new in 
the service, will find this volume useful in recognizing 
the various insignia and uniforms of his own and 
sister services and of the foreign Armies and Navies, 
which he meets from day to day. 

The chapters on the organization of our Army and 
Navy, the duties of the officers and men, as well as 
the composition of the various units, should prove 
particularly interesting at this time. Those on the 
customs of the service were written especially for men 
who have lately entered, or who contemplate entering, 
the military or naval life and who wish to become 
familiar with the etiquette and customs peculiar to 
such a life. 

Joel William Bunkley. 
Navy Yard, Washington, 
December, 1917. 

• • • 

ui 



CONTENTS 



CHAP. PAGE 

I. Organization of the Army Bureaus and Corps 1 

II. Composition of the Army 7 

III. Organization of the Army in the Field. ... 13 

IV. Departments and Divisions 15 

V. Various Ranks Held in Army 17 

VI. Army Etiquette and Customs 21 

Salutes — Courtesies in Conversation. 

VII. Calls 30 

VIII. Composition of the Navy 33 

The Fleet Naval Reserve — The Naval Reserve 

... — The Naval Auxiliary Reserve — The Naval 

Coast Defense Reserve — The Naval Reserve 

Flying Corps — The Volunteer Naval Reserve — 

United States Junior Naval Reserve. 

IX. Organization of the Navy Ashore 38 

X. Naval Districts 44 

XL The Organization of the Navy Afloat 46 

XII. Types of Ships 49 

XIII. Duties of Naval Officers and Men Aboard 

Ship 52 

Duties of Naval Officers according to Rank — 
Titles and Relative Rank of Staff Officers, U. S. 
Navy. 

XIV. Naval Etiquette and Customs — Salutes .... 62 
XV. United States Marine Corps 70 

XVI. Coast Guard 72 

XVII. Light IIou§e Service 73 

XVIII. Coast and Geodetic Survey 75 

V 



vi CONTENTS 

CHAP. PAGE 

XIX. Strength and Organization of .Foreign 

Armies 77 

France — Germany ■ — Austria-Hungary — 
Russia — Great Britain — Italy. 

XX. United States — Army Uniforms 82 

XXI. United States — Navy Uniforms 101 

XXII. Great Britain — Army and Navy Uniforms. . 125 

XXIII. France — Army and Navy Uniforms 136 

XXIV Germany — Army and Navy Uniforms 145 

XXV. Italy — Army and Navy Uniforms 153 

XXVI. Austria-Hungary — Army and Navy Uniforms 161 

XXVII. Japan — Army and Navy Uniforms. 170 

XXVIII. Russia — Army and Navy Uniforms 177 

XXIX. Belgium — Army Uniforms 182 

XXX. Turkey — Army and Navy Uniforms 188 

XXXI. Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Portugal and 

Bulgaria 190 

XXXII. United States War Medals 193 

XXXIII. Ribbons of Medals and Badges 210 

XXXIV. Definition of Guns 215 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



United States Flags Frontisjdece 

United States Army 

PLATE ^^«^ 

I. Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Loops 83 

II. Insignia of Rank on Overcoat Cuffs, Cap 

and Collar Devices 86 

III. Officers' Collar Ornaments 88 

IV. Officers' Collar Ornaments 89 

V. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks. 92 

VI. Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks. . 93 

VII. Enlisted Men's Specialty Marks and Chevrons. . 94 

VIII. Insignia for Service Caps Worn by EnUsted Men 95 

IX. Enlisted Men's Collar Devices 97 

X. Colors of the Branches of the Service, Army Flags 
and Signals, Company Flags, Dress Trou- 

ser Stripes 99 

United States Na\t 

XI. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and 

Overcoats, Line Officers 102 

XII. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and 
Overcoats, Medical Corps, Naval Construc- 
tors' Corps, Civil Engineers' Corps 103 

XIII. Shoulder Marks Worn on White Uniforms and 
Overcoats, Professor of Mathematics, Chap- 
lains, Chief Warrant Officers, Warrant 

Officers 104 

vii 



Vlll 



PLATE 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 
XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 



XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 
XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIV. 

XXXV. 
XXXVI. 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Insignia of Rank on Cuffs, Line Officers, Staff 

Officers 107 

Insignia of Rank on Cuffs, Paymaster Corps, 

Medical Corps, Constructors' Corps 108 

Insignia of Rank on Cuffs, Civil Engin- 
eers, Corps, Professor of Mathematics, 
Chaplain 109 

Rank and Corps Devices 110 

Specialty Marks Ill 

Petty Officers' Chevrons, Naval Reserve Button 

and Collar Device 112 

Hats and Caps Worn by Officers 113 

United States Naval Militia, Insignia of Rank 

on Cuffs, Shoulder Straps 115 

United States Marine Corps, Insignia of Rank 

on Shoulder Loops 117 

United States Coast Guard, Lighthouse Service 

and Marine Corps 119 

United States Coast Guard, Shoulder Marks and 
Insignia of Rank on Cuffs for Line Officers 
and Engineer Officers 120 

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
Shoulder Loops, Insignia on Cuffs, and 
CollaT Devices 123 

British Army — Insignia 126 

British Army — Insignia 127 

British Navy — Insignia 130 

British Navy — Insignia 131 

British Navy — Isnignia 133 

British Navy — Insignia 134 

French Army, Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 139 

French Army, Service Insignia 140 

French Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 143 

German Army, Grade Insignia 148 

German Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 151 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix 

PLATE ^^«^ 

XXXVII. Italian Army, Collar Devices, Hats and Shoulder 

Marks 155 

XXXVIII. Italian Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 157 

XXXIX. Austro-Hungarian Army, Insignia of Rank on 

Collar 162 

XL. Austro-Hungarian Navy 167 

XLI. Japanese Army, Shoulder Marks 171 

XLII. Japanese Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 175 

XLIII. Russian Army, Shoulder Marks 178 

XLIV. Russian Navy, Insignia of Rank on Cuff 179 

XLV. Belgian Army, Insignia of Rank on Collar 185 

XLVI. Serbian Army, Shoulder Marks 191 

XLVII. United States Navy War Medals and Deco- 
rations 199 

XLVIII. United States Army War Medals and Eecora- 

tions 203 

XLIX. United States War Medal Ribbons 212 

L. United States War Medal Ribbons 213 



MILITARY AND NAVAL 
RECOGNITION ROOK 



CHAPTER I 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY BUREAUS 

AND CORPS 

The President of the United States is Commander- 
in-Chief of the Army and Navy. 

The Secretary of War is a civiHan appointed by the 
President, and as head of the War Department, has 
the care and control of the Army. 

The Assistant Secretary of War is a civihan, ap- 
pointed by the President, who performs the duties 
assigned to him by the Secretary and by law. 

An Act of Congress approved February 14, 1903, 
established the General Staff Corps and created a 
Chief of Staff. 

The Chief of Staff is detailed by the President from 
the Officers of the Army at large not below the grade 
of Brigadier General. 

The Chief of Staff, under the direction of the 
President and the Secretary of War, has supervision 



2 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

of all troops of the Line, of the Adjutant General's, 
Inspector General's, Judge Advocate General's, Quar- 
termaster's) Subsistence, Medical, and Ordnance De- 
partments, of the Corps of Engineers, and of the 
Signal Corps. He performs such other military duties 
as may be assigned to him by the President. The 
affairs of the Army are administered through the 
various Bureaus or Departments mentioned above 
and the General Staff Corps. 

The Staff consists of the following: 

General Staff Corps. 

Adjutant General's Department. 

Inspector General's Department. 

Judge Advocate General's Department. 

Quartermaster's Department. 

Subsistence Department. 

Medical Department. 

Ordnance Department. 

Corps of Engineers (except a limited number of 
battahons attached to the line). 

Signal Corps. 

Staff Officers shall not assume command of troops 
unless put on duty under orders which specially so 
direct, by authority of the President. 

Officers of the Medical Departments cannot exercise 
conmiand except in their own departments. 

The duties of the departments and corps enumerated 
above are as follows: 

General Staff Corps. To prepare plans for the 
National defense. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY BUREAUS 3 

To prepare plans for the mobilization of all military 
forces in time of war. 

To investigate all questions affecting the efficiency 
of the Army and its state of preparedness. 

To render professional aid and assistance to the 
Secretary of War and to general and other superior 
officers. 

Adjutant GeneraPs Department. To have charge 
of orders, correspondence and records of the Army. 

All orders and instructions emanating from the 
President, the Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff, 
or any officer with a command equal to or greater than 
a brigade, are communicated to troops and individuals 
in the military service through this department. All 
records of the War Department relating to the his- 
tory of every officer and soldier of the Army and to 
the movements and operations of troops, the records 
of all appointments, promotions, resignations, deaths, 
and other casualties are kept in this office. 

To prepare and distribute Commissions. 

To have charge of the recruiting of the Army. 

To have supervision of the pension of the War 
Department. 

Inspector General's Department. To exercise a 
general observation over all matters pertaining to 
the efficiency of the Army, the condition and state of 
supplies of all kinds, of the expenditure of public 
property and moneys, and the condition of accounts 
of all disbursing officers, of the conduct, discipline, 
and efficiency of officers and troops. 



4 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Judge Advocate General's Department. To see 

that justice is administered. The Judge Advocate 
General is the custodian of the records of all general 
courts-martial, courts of inquiry and military com- 
missions. 

Quartermaster's Department. To furnish all the 
necessary supplies in the Army with the exception 
of the subsistence stores, ordnance stores, medical 
supplies, and signal and engineer supplies. 

To provide the army with transportation animals, 
forage, fuel, clothing, camp and garrison equipage, 
barracks, storehouses, and other buildings. 

To attend to all matters pertaining to mihtary oper- 
ations which are not assigned to some other bureau. 

To have charge of the supply, distribution of, and 
accounting for the payment of the Army. 

Subsistence Department. To subsist the Army. 

To expend the funds appropriated for subsisting 
the enlisted men and for purchasing articles kept for 
sale 'to officers and enlisted men. 

Medical Department. To supervise the sanitary 
condition of the Army. 

To care for the sick and wounded. 

To examine physically all officers and enlisted men. 

To manage all mihtary hospitals, etc. 

Ordnance Department. To supply the army, by 
purchase or manufacture, with arms, equipments, 
ammunition, and, in fact, everything pertaining to 
fighting material. 

To establish and maintain arsenals and depots for 



ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY BUREAUS 5 

the manufacture, repairing, and safe-keeping of ord- 
nance stores. 

To provide equipment for hqrses and field outfits 
{pr soldiers. 

Engineer Department. To reconnoiter, survey and 
make maps for military purposes, including the plan- 
ning and superintendence of defensive or offensive 
works in the field, the construction and repair of for- 
tifications, and the construction -and repair of mihtary 
roads and bridges. 

To take charge of river and harbor improvements 
and to superintend the erection of important pubhc 
buildings. 

Signal Corps. To supervise the instruction in 
mihtary signaHng and telegraphy prescribed by the 
War Department. 

To procure, preserve, and distribute the necessary 
supplies for the Signal Corps and for the lake and 
seacoast defense. 

To construct, repair, and operate all military tele- 
graph and telephone lines and cables, field telegraph 
trains, balloon trains, etc. 

To have charge of the construction and operations 
of all airships. 

Embarkation Service. To coordinate all ship- 
ments of munitions and supplies of every kind and 
all troop movements whose ultimate destination is 
Europe, and to advise and assist the Chief of Staff 
in reference thereto. To have direct supervision, 
under the Chief of Staff, of all movements of sup- 



6 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

plies from points of origin to ports of embarkation. 
To supervise the operations of the latter, and to con- 
trol the employment of all Army transports engaged 
in the trans-Atlantic service and such commercial 
shipping as may be used to supplement that service. 
To arrange with the Navy for convoy service. 

The Army War College is located at Washington, 
D. C, and its purpose is to study Army warfare, 
strategy and tactics, and to formulate methods and 
plans to conduct warfare under all conditions and 
circumstances. 



CHAPTER II 
COMPOSITION OF ARMY 

The Army of the United States is divided into three 
parts, designated as follows: 

The Regular Army, the National Guard, and the 
National Army. 

The regular Army consists, mainly, of the follow- 
ing: 

Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

Quartermaster's Corps. 

Ordnance Department. 

Signal Corps. 

Adjutant General's Department. 

Inspector General's Department. 

Judge Advocate General's Department. 

Additional Sergeants. 

Indian Scouts. 

Porto Rico Regiments. 

Field Artillery. 

Coast Artillery. 

Medical Department. 

Corps of Engineers. 

General Staff Corps. 

Detached Officer's List. 

7 



8 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Chaplains. 

Regular Army Reserve. 

Retired Officers. 

Retired enlisted men. 

The National Guard is organized by States for in- 
terior State protection in times of peace. It is subject 
to call for special service, or to draft by the Federal 
authorities, under the National Defense Act, of June 
3, 1916. 

The guard is armed, uniformed, and equipped by 
the Federal Government from funds appropriated 
by Congress for that purpose, and allotted each year 
to the different States on the basis of the number of 
men in the National Guard organized in the States 
on the 30th day of June. 

When drafted into Federal service the guard be- 
comes part of the armed forces of the United States, 
and while in service is outside the control of States 
and receives the same pay and allowances as that of 
the officers and enlisted men of similar grade in the 
Regular Army, and is subject to the same laws, reg- 
ulations, and discipline as the Regular Army. The 
guard is organized on the model of the Regular Army 
and maintains all branches of the service save aviation. 

The National Army is composed of young men, 
strong, alert, competent. It is representative of our 
entire citizenship, and in its selection and training 
gives to all equal opportunity to' serve and to com- 
mand. The men who compose it are within the ages 
designated by Congress. 



COMPOSITION OF ARMY 



9 



The regiments, brigades, and divisions of each arm 
of the above three groups are numbered in separate 
series, the first number to be as indicated in the fol- 
lowing table : 





Regiment. 


Brigade. 


Division. 




Inf. 

1 
101 
301 


F.A. 


Cav. 


E grs. 


Inf. 


F.A. 


Cav. 


Inf. 


F.A. 


Cav. 


Regular Army 

National Guard 

National Army 


1 
101 
301 


1 
101 
301 


1 
101 
301 


1 

51 

151 


1 

51 

151 


1 

51 

151 


1 
26 

76 




15* 



* Cavalry divisions of the Regular Army will start at No. 15 in order to 
provide for the organization of other divisions, either mounted or dismounted. 

Engineer regiiients (except Pioneers) will be num- 
bered in the manner already approved and in effect. 

The Officers' Reserve Corps is authorized by National 
Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916. 

Applicants commissioned in the Officers' Reserve 
Corps rank in the various sections according to grades 
and to length of service in their grades. Commis- 
sions are issued for five years. 

In time of peace, officers of the Reserve are liable 
to service in the field for fifteen days every year, 
during which service they will receive the pay and 
allowances of their respective grades in the Regular 
Army. In tiiiie of actual or threatened hostilities 
the President may order members of the Officers' 
Reserve Corps, subject to physical examination, to 
temporary duty with the Regular Army, or as officers 



10 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

in volunteer or other organizations that may be au- 
thorized by law, or as officers at recruit rendezvous 
and depots or on other duty. They may be pro- 
moted to vacancies in volunteer organizations or in 
the Regular Army. While Reserve officers are on 
such service they shall be entitled to the pay and 
allowances of the corresponding grades in the Regular 
Army. 

Commissions in the Officers' Reserve Corps are 
open to " such citizens as shall be found physically, 
mentally, and morally qualified." Enlisted men of 
the Regular Army and of the National Guard, are 
eligible, but not officers. 

The Enlisted Reserve Corps is also authorized by the 
National Defense Act, approved June 3, 1916, the 
purpose or object being to secure an additional reserve 
of enlisted men in the following special branches: 
Medical Department, Quartermaster Corps, Engineer 
Corps, Ordnance Department, and Signal Corps, who 
can be brought to the aid of the Government in time 
of national crisis. 

Applicants must be citizens between 18 and 45 
years of age, physically and morally fit. Previous 
military training is not required. 

In time of peace enlistment is for four years. Re- 
servists must keep themselves physically fit and are 
liable to two weeks' military training a year. In 
time of war reservists may be assigned to duty with 
units of the Regular Army or formed into separate 
units. 



COMPOSITION OF ARMY 11 

The department known as the Bureau of the Em- 
barkation Service is created for the period of the war. 

The officers and enhsted men of the Army are 
divided into two major divisions: The Staff and 
The Line. 

The Staff has charge of the food, clothing, trans- 
portation, payment, armament, medical attendance, in- 
spection, administration of justice, communication, etc. 

A large portion of the duties in connection with the 
above, however, devolve, at times, upon officers of 
the Line. 

The Lme does the work in the field such as march- 
ing, fighting, campaigning, etc., and furnishes gar- 
risons for fortified and unfortified posts. 

The Line is divided into what is known as the 
Arms of the Service, as follows: 

Cavalry (Cav.) 

Field Artillery (F. A.) 
Coast Artillery (C. A.) 
Infantry (Inf.) 

Engineers (Eng.) 

By Act of Congress a limited number of Battalions 
of Engineers constitute a part of the regular fine 
of the Army. Their primary duties, however, are 
to construct mines, pontoons, military bridges, mil- 
itary roads, and fortifications, etc., etc. 

The Field Artillery accompanies an Army in the 
field and includes light artillery, horse artillery, siege 
artillery and mountain artillery. 



12 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The Coast Artillery is organized upon a geographical 
basis and has charge of the fixed and movable ele- 
ments of land and coast fortifications, including 
submarine mine defenses. 

The Coast Artillery is divided into Artillery Dis- 
tricts under the command of an Artillery District 
Commander, an officer of rank of Colonel or a General 
Officer. Each district incorporates a fortified harbor. 

Each district has one or more Battle Commands, 
under the command of a Battle Commander, usually 
an officer of the rank of Colonel. He commands all 
of the artillery defenses bearing upon a single channel 
of approach. 

Each Battle Command is divided into two or more 
Fire Commands and Mine Conmiands. Each Fire 
Commander, usually a Major, commands a group of 
batteries. Each battery is commanded by a battery 
commander (a captain or lieutenant). 

The Mine Commander commands the mine fields 
and the rapid fire batteries and is coordinate with the 
fire commander. 

Battery Commanders have other ofl&cers under 
their command, usually lieutenants, who perform the 
duties of Range Officers, and Emplacement Officers. 
Battle Commanders have also Communication and 
Searchlight Officers. Fire Commanders have Com- 
munication Officers. 

The Coast Artillery Corps is divided into com- 
panies, each company comprising a single battery. 



CHAPTER III 
ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY IN THE FIELD 

An Army Corps consists of two or more divisions 
organized under one command. A General, Lieutenant 
General, or a Major General commands a Corps. 

A Division consists of two or more brigades, usually 
including several arms of the service. A Mai or 
General commands a Division. Although the strength 
of a unit is subject to change, 19,000 men, at present, 
constitutes a division. 
' A typical infantry division (subject to changes to 
suit varying conditions) at present includes : 

1 division headquarters, • 

1 machine-gun battalion of four companies, 

2 Infantry brigades of two regiments and 1 machine- 

gun battalion (three companies) each, 

1 Field Artillery brigade of three regiments and 1 
trench mortar battery, 

1 Engineer regiment, 

1 Field signal battalion, 

1 train headquarters and military police, 

1 ammunition train, 

1 supply train, 

1 engineer train (less pontoon and searchlight sec- 
tions), 

1 sanitary train of four ambulance companies. 

13 



14 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

A Brigade consists of two or three regiments of 
the same or different arms, organized under one com- 
mand. A Brigadier General commands a brigade. 

A Regiment consists of three battaHons. A Colonel 
commands a regiment and it is the administrative 
unit in the Cavalry and Infantry. The strength of a 
regiment is about 3600 men. 

A Battalion (called Squadron in the Cavalry) con- 
sists of four companies. 

A Major commands a battalion. 

A Company is the smallest constant fundamental 
unit. A Captain commands a Company. 

A Squad consists of a Corporal and seven privates. 
The Corporal is the squad leader. 

A Company is divided into Squads, two or three 
squads forming a Section, two sections forming a 
Platoon, and four Platoons a Company. 

Company is the term used for Infantry, Coast 
Artillery and Engineers. 

Battery is the relative unit in the Field xA.rtillery 
and Troop is the relative unit in the Cavalry. 

The strength of a Company is as follows: 

Infantry Company. Approximate strength: 2 Cap- 
tains, 1 1st Lieutenant, 3 2d Lieutenants, 1st Sergeants, 
Mess Sergeants, Supply Sergeants, Sergeants, Cor- 
porals, Cooks, Buglers, Mechanics, Privates, 1st class. 
Privates. — Total 250 men, 6 officers. 



CHAPTER IV 



DEPARTMENTS AND DIVISIONS 



All territory occupied by the Army of the United 
States in time of peace is divided into geographical 
divisions called Divisions and Departments, and com- 
manded by general officers, generally a Major General, 
assigned by direction of the President. 

The geographical division of territory for military 
purposes includes Divisions, Departments, Districts, 
and Sub-districts. 

Departments are generally commanded by major gen- 
erals or brigadier generals. Districts by brigadier generals, 
and sub-districts by colonels or lieutenant colonels. 
COAST ARTILLERY DLSTRICTS 



Name. 


Limits. 


Head- 
quarters. 


North Atlantic 


Coast from northern boundary of 


Boston, 




Maine to southern boundary of 


Mass. 




Connecticut. 




Middle Atlantic 


Coast from southern boundary of 


New York, 




Connecticut to northern bound- 


N. Y. 




ary of North Carolina. 




South Atlantic 


Coast from northern boundary of 


Charles- 




North Carolina to southern bound- 


ton, S. C. 




ary of Texas. 




North Pacific 


Coast from northern boundary of 


Seattle, 




Washington to southern boundary 


Wash. 




of Oregon. 




South Pacific 


Coast from northern boundary of 


San Fran- 




California to southern boundary 


c i s c o. 




of California. ^ 


Cal. 



15 



16 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



DEPARTMENTS 



Name. 


Composition. 


Head- 
quarters. 


Northeastern 


Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 


Boston, 


Department 


Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
Connecticut. 


Mass. 


Eastern Depart- 


New York, Pennsylvania, New Jer- 


New York, 


ment 


sey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
Canal Zone, and Porto Rico. 


N. Y. 


Southeastern 


North Carolina, South Carolina, 


Charleston 


Department 


Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, 
Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, 
and Florida. 


S. C. 


Central Depart- 


North Dakota, South Dakota, Min- 


Chicago, 


ment 


nesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ne- 
braska, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, 
Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, 
Missouri, and Kansas. 


111. 


Southern D e - 


Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, 


San Anto- 


partment 


and Texas. 


nio, Tex. 


Western D e - 


Washington, Montana, Oregon, Ida- 


San Fran- 


partment 


ho, Wyoming, California, Nevada, 


cisco, 




Utah, and Alaska. 


Cal. 


Hawaiian D e - 


Hawaiian Islands. 


Honolulu, 


partment 




Hawaii. 


Phihppine De- 


Philippine Islands. 


Manila, 


partment 




P.I. 



CHAPTER V 
VARIOUS RANKS HELD IN ARMY 

There are two general classes of men in. the Army: 
Commissioned officers, who exercise a certain author- 
ity over others by virtue of a commission issued to 
them by the President of the United States, and 
Enlisted Men, who constitute the Rank and File of 
the Army. 

Enlisted Men are divided into two general classes: 
Privates and Non-Commissioned Officers. 

Privates exercise no authority except that given to 
them temporarily by an immediate superior. 

Non Commissioned Officers, called Sergeants and 
Corporals, are given warrants by virtue of which they 
exercise a limited authority. 

Chaplains are clergymen with military commissions, 
by virtue of which they have charge of the spiritual 
welfare of soldiers. Retired Officers are those who 
have been retired from active service but who are 
part of the Regular Army, being subject to the rules 
and articles of war. 

The following are the grades in order of rank of 
Officers and non-commissioned officers. 

1. General. 

2. Lieutenant General. 

17 



18 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

3. Major General. 

4. Brigadier General. 

5. Colonel. 

6. Lieutenant Colonel. 

7. Major. 

8. Captain. 

9. First Lieutenant. 

10. Second Lieutenant. 

11. Veterinarian, Cavalry and Field Artillery. 

12. Cadet. 

13. (a) Sergeant-Major, regimental; Sergeant-Ma j or, 

senior grade, Coast Artillery Corps; (6) master 
electrician. Coast Artillery Corps; master sig- 
nal electrician; (c) engineer. Coast Artillery 
Corps; (d) electrician sergeant, first class, 
Coast Artillery Corps. 

14. Ordnance sergeant; post commissary-sergeant, 

post quartermaster-sergeant; sergeant, first 
class. Hospital Corps; first class signal ser- 
geant; electrician sergeant, second class. Coast 
Artillery Corps; master gunner. Coast Artil- 
lery Corps. 

15. Quartermaster-sergeant and commissary-sergeant, 

regimental ; chief musician. 

16. Sergeant-major, squadron and battalion; ser- 

geant-major, junior grade. Coast Artillery 
Corps; color sergeant; chief trumpeter; 
principal musician; battalion quartermaster- 
sergeant, engineers and field artillery. 

17. First sergeant; drum major. 



VARIOUS RANKS HELD IN ARMY 19 

18. Sergeant; quartermaster-sergeant, Company 

stable sergeant. 

19. (a) Corporal; (b) fireman, Coast Artillery Corps. 
In each grade and sub-grade, date of commission, 

appointment, or warrant determines the order of 
precedence. 

All officers from Major to Colonel, inclusive, whether 
of the line or staff corps, are regarded as Field 
Officers. 

The Field and Staff of a regiment consists of the 
Colonel and the regimental staff, the lieutenant colonel 
and the three majors. 

The Regimental Staff consists of the Adjutant, 
Quartermaster, and Commissary. The Chaplain and 
the medical officers on duty with a regiment are in 
practice considered staff officers of the Colonel. 

The Adjutant has charge of all official correspondence. 
He keeps a complete journal of events, including a 
record of all orders given and all reports received. 

The Quartermaster supervises all details of trans- 
portation, animals, forage, fuel, clothing, quarters, 
camp equipage, etc. 

The Commissary is the purchasing and disbursing 
officer and has charge of the details of subsistence. 

The Battalion Staff consists of a Battalion Adjutant, 
Battalion Quartermaster and Commissary whose duties 
are similar to those enumerated above. 

The Regimental Non- Commissioned Staff consists 
of the Regimental Sergeant-Ma j or, the Regimental 
Quartermaster-Sergeant, the Regimental Commissary- 



20 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Sergeant, and two Color-Sergeants, appointed by 
the Regimental Commander. 

The Battalion Non- Commissioned Staff consists of 
the Battalion Sergeant-Major, appointed by the 
Regimental Commander upon the recommendation of 
the Battalion Commander. 



CHAPTER VI 

ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 

*' Courtesy among military men is indispensable 
to discipline; respect to seniors will not be confined 
to obedience to duty, but will be extended on all 
occasions." (Army Regulations.) 

Salutes 

As in the daily civil life we see courtesy extended 
by the tipping of the hat, so, in military life, this 
courtesy is shown in the form of a salute. From the 
beginning of time, the custom of saluting has been 
found wherever there was a military organization. 

Thirty paces or less is saluting distance; that is, 
salutes are not as a rule given at a greater distance 
than about thirty paces. 

Six paces is the distance at which the salute should 
be given if you are coming that near or nearer. If 
not coming within six paces salute when you are at 
the nearest distance. To salute with the hand, first 
assume the position of a soldier or march at attention. 
Look the person you are to salute straight in the eye 
when at the proper distance, raise the right hand 
smartly till the tip of the forefinger touches the lower 
part of the headdress or forehead above the right eye, 

21 



22 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the 
left, forearm inclined about 45°, hand and wrist 
straight. Maintain the position of salute, looking 
the person you are saluting straight in the eye until 
he acknowledges the salute or until he has passed, 
then drop the hand smartly to the side. The salute 
is given with the right hand only. 

The rifle and saber salute may be found in the 
drill regulations. 

Be careful about returning the salute of those under 
'you. Do not do so with a cigar or pipe in your mouth. 
It is both unmilitary and impolite. 

The National or regimental color or standard un- 
cased passing a guard or other armed body will be 
saluted, the field music sounding 'Ho the color" or 
''to the standard." Officers or enlisted men passing 
the uncased color will render the prescribed salute; 
with no arms in hand, the salute will be the hand 
salute, using the right hand. Use the saber or rifle 
salute if armed with the saber or rifle. 

The National flag and the regimental flag belonging 
to dismounted organizations of the army, are called 
colors. Those belonging to mounted organizations 
are called standards. These are the only flags a 
soldier salutes, except the salute to the flag at retreat 
and the salute to the flag aboard ship. 

Whenever the National Anthem is played at any 
place when persons belonging to the military service 
are present, all officers and enlisted men not in for- 
mation will stand at attention facing toward the music 



ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 23 

(except at retreat when they shall face toward the 
flag). If in uniform, and covered, they shall salute at 
the first note of the anthem, retaining the position of 
salute until the last note of the anthem. If not in 
uniform and covered, they shall uncover at the first 
note of the anthem, holding the headdress opposite 
the left shoulder, and so remain until its close except 
that in inclement weather the headdress may be slightly 
raised. The same rules apply when to the color or 
to the standard is sounded as when the National 
Anthem is played. 

At parade, and other ceremonies under arms, the 
command shall render the prescribed salute and shall 
remain in the position of salute while the National 
Anthem is being played; also at retreat and during 
ceremonies when to the color is played, if no band is 
present. If not under arms, the organizations shall 
be brought to attention at the first note of the National 
Anthem, to the color or to the standard, and the 
salute rendered by the officer or non-commissioned 
officer in command. 

If the command is in line at a halt (not in the field) 
and armed with the rifle, or with sabers drawn, it 
shah be brought to present arms or present sabers 
before its commander salutes in the following cases: 
When the National Anthem is played or when ''to the 
color" or 'Ho the standard" is sounded during cere- 
monies, or when a person is saluted who is its immediate 
or higher commander or a general officer, or when the 
National or regimental color is saluted. 



24 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Salutes and honors, as a rule, are not paid by troops 
actually engaged in drill, on -the march, or in the 
field under campaign or simulated campaign conditions. 
Troops on the service of security pay no compliment 
whatever. 

If two detachments or other commands meet, their 
commanders will exchange salutes, both commands 
being at attention. 

No salute is rendered when marching in double time 
or at a trot or gallop. 

A non-commissioned officer or private in command 
of a detachment without arms salutes all officers with 
the hand, but if the detachment be on foot and armed 
with the rifle or carbine, he makes the rifle or carbine 
salute, and if armed with a saber he salutes with it. 

Salutes shall be exchanged between officers and 
enUsted men at all times of the day and night when 
meeting, passing near or being addressed, the junior 
in rank or the enlisted man saluting first, except when 
at drill, work, games, or mess or in a military forma- 
tion. 

When an officer enters a room where there are several 
enhsted men the word ''attention" is given by some 
one who perceives him, when all rise, uncover, and 
remain standing at attention until the officer leaves 
the room or directs otherwise. Soldiers at meals do 
not rise but stop eating and remain seated at attention. 

Soldiers actually at work or engaged in athletic 
exercises do not salute unless spoken to. ► 

An enhsted man, if seated, rises on the approach 



ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 25 

of an officer, faces toward him and salutes. If standing 
he faces the officer for the same purpose. If the par- 
ties remain in the same place or on the same ground, 
such compliments need not be repeated. 

An enlisted man makes the prescribed salute with 
the weapon he is armed with, or if unarmed, whether 
covered or uncovered, with the hand, before addressing 
an officer. He also makes the same salute after re- 
ceiving a reply. 

If armed with a saber and out of ranks, salutes 
should be made with saber if drawn, otherwise, with 
the hand. 

If on foot and armed with the rifle or carbine, he 
makes the rifle or carbine salute. 

When talking with an officer, an enhsted man 
always stands at attention. He salutes any officer 
who passes, who is senior to the officer with whom he 
is talking, but does not salute any officer junior to 
him unless ordered to do so. 

An officer addressing a senior should salute and 
stand at attention. If a senior remains in your vicin- 
ity, salute him but once. 

Prisoners are not allowed to salute, they merely 
come to attention if not actually at work. 

Sentinels on post salute as prescribed in the Manual 
of Guard Duty. 

Enhsted men do not salute non-commissioned officers. 

In uniform, covered, but not in formation, officers 
and enhsted men salute military persons as follows: 
With arms in hand, the salute prescribed for that 



26 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

arm (sentinels on interior guard duty excepted); 
without arms, the right-hand salute. 

In civilian dress, covered, officers and enlisted 
men salute military persons with the right-hand salute. 

Officers and enlisted men will render the prescribed 
salutes in a miUtary manner, the officer junior in rank 
or the enlisted man saluting first. When several officers 
in company are saluted, all entitled to the salute shall 
return it. 

Except in the field under campaign or simulated 
campaign conditions, a mounted officer (or soldier) 
dismounts before addressing a superior officer not 
mounted. 

A man in formation shall not salute when directly 
addressed, but shall come to attention if at rest or 
at ease. 

When an officer entitled to the salute passes in 
rear of a body of troops, it is brought to attention 
while he is opposite the post of the commander. 

In public conveyances, such as railway trains, street 
cars, etc., and in pubUc places, such as theaters, 
honors and personal salutes may be omitted when 
inappropriate or apt to annoy civilians present. 

In entering an office, knock on the door; when told 
to come in, enter, taking off the hat (if unarmed), 
close the door and remain just inside the door until 
asked what is wanted; then go within a short dis- 
tance of the officer and if he is a senior, stand at 
attention, salute and make known your request in 
as few words as possible. On completion, salute, 



ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 27 

face towards the door, and go out, being careful to 
close the door. 

At all times and in all situations, the same com- 
pliments are paid to officers of the Army, Navy, 
Marine Corps, and Volunteers, and to officers of the 
National Guard as to officers of your own regiment, 
corps or arm. of service. 

It is customary for officers and soldiers whether 
with or without sidearms, to remove the cap when 
greeting ladies. If the lady be accompanied by an 
officer, the soldier would render the military salute. 

Courtesies in Conversation 

An enlisted man in speaking to an officer, always 
stands at attention, uses the word '^Sir" and addresses 
him in the third person. 

''Sir, the corporal directed me to report to the 
Captain." 

"Did the Lieutenant wish me to, etc." 

One officer addressing another officer uses the 
second person. 

In addressing a non-commissioned officer always 
prefix his title. Thus, ''Sergeant Jones," etc. 

"No, sir," "Yes, sir," "I don't know, sir," etc., 
should always be used in answer to direct questions. 

When an enlisted man or junior is told to do a thing 
by an officer, he should acknowledge by saying "Yes, 
sir," or by saluting, depending upon circumstances. 

When not ©n duty a lieutenant is addressed as 
"Mister," but when on duty, the title Lieutenant is 



28 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

usually used. Enlisted men always address Lieu- 
tenants as '' Lieutenant." The military title is gen- 
erally used in introducing a Lieutenant, as it tends 
to fix the official identity of the officer. After the 
introduction, however, he is addressed as ''Mister." 

Officers with the grade of Captain, or above, are 
addressed at all times by their titles, as ''Captain," 
"Major," etc. 

In conversation and in non-official correspondence, 
brigadier generals, major generals, and lieutenant gen- 
erals, are referred to and addressed as "General" 
and are known as general officers. Lieutenant Colo- 
nels, under the same conditions, are referred to and 
addressed as "Colonel." 

When off duty, older officers sometimes address 
juniors as "Jones," "Brown," etc., but this does not 
give the junior the privilege of addressing his senior 
in any other way than by his proper title. 

Whenever there is a difference in title, except in 
the case of officers that are very intimate and of 
about the same age and length of service, the junior 
addresses the senior by his title. 

Officers of the same grade, except where there is 
considerable difference in age, or in date of com- 
n^ission, generally address one another by their sur- 
name. 

Chaplains are addressed as Chaplain. 

Officially, officers of the Medical Corps are ad- 
dressed by their military titles. Socially, surgeons 
with the rank of Major, Lieutenant Colonel, and 



ARMY ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 29 

Colonel, are addressed as ''Major'' or "Colonel." 
Captains of the Medical Corps socially are sometimes 
addressed as '^ Captain" and sometimes as ''Doctor/' 
and Lieutenants as "Doctor." 

Non-commissioned officers are addressed as "Ser- 
geant" and "Corporal." 

It is customary to address chief musicians as 
"Mister." 

Enlisted men are addressed by their surname. 

There is no uniform custom regarding the use of 
titles in the MiUtia, but officers of the rank of Captain 
or above are generally addressed by their titles by 
other military men. 

Officers take precedence according to rank as laid 
down in the Regulations, and this precedence extends 
to the social life, to the mess, and to the club. When 
a senior enters a club, it is just as much an act of 
official courtesy as it is a social one to offer him a 
chair, etc. 

If you are out drilling your company, never pass 
across the front of a company commanded by a senior 
so as to cause him to halt or to mark time until you 
are out of the way. 

When in command of your company, and marching, 
it is customary to salute any field officers whom you 
meet. 



CHAPTER VII 
CALLS 

Officers arriving at the headquarters of a territorial 
department, mihtary command, or military post will 
call on the Commanding Officer as soon as practicable. 
(''Army Regs.") 

Officers visiting a post should not only call on the 
Commanding Officer but should register at the Ad- 
jutant's office. 

If the visiting officer is senior to the commanding 
officer, he may send a card, in which case it becomes the 
duty of the commanding officer to make the first 
call. 

If the visiting officer be the junior, he should call 
without delay. 

If the commanding officer is not at his office, the 
prevailing custom is to call on him at his quarters, 
thus making a semi-social call. 

It is customary for a civilian visiting an Army 
post to pay his respects, accompanied by the officer 
whose guest he is, to the commanding officer at his 
office before the latter has called on him. 

Calls are generally made in the evenings. The 
dress uniform is usually worn in making social calls. 

An officer returning from leave or detached service 

30 



CALLS 31 

calls without delay on the commanding officer and on 
his Company commander. The uniform of the day, 
without sidearms, is worn. 

If for any reason it be impracticable to get into 
uniform without delay, the calls are made in civilian 
dress, explaining why it was impracticable to report in 
uniform. 

Uniform in time of war is worn at all times. 

The officer also officially reports his return to the 
Adjutant at once. 

Officers who are away on leave or detached service 
should upon their return to the Post call promptly 
on any new officers who may have joined during their 
absence. 

Officers leaving for any length of time, call on 
everyone, in small Posts, to say good-bye; in large 
posts on their intimate friends only. 

Officers on going aboard ship, use the starboard or 
right side and gangway. They should salute the ' 
colors, if they are up, upon reaching the top of the 
gangway. The Officer of the Deck will be there to 
receive them. They should then salute the Officer 
of the Deck and say ''I come aboard with your per- 
mission, sir." Ask the officer who receives you for 
the person you wish to see and your card will be sent 
or you will be shown down below. 

If your call is made as a welcome to the port, either 
from your post, or personally, it would be poHte and 
proper to call on the Captain as well as on the Officers' 
Mess. 



32 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

In Washington it is customary to call on the Sec- 
retary of War and other high officials on New Year's 
Day. Full Dress Uniform is worn. 

At Army Posts it is generally customary to call 
on New Year's Day. 

A junior walks, rides, or drives on the left of a 
senior and always keeps step with him. 

One knock before entering a room is considered the 
official knock and is a signal for everyone within to 
come to attention. 

It is considered unmilitary for an officer or a soldier 
in uniform to use an umbrella. 

The uniform is prescribed by the commanding 
officer, under the uniform order, to be worn on all 
occasions. 

In the case of receptions at which officers wear side- 
arms, upon reaching the room in which the officers 
are to be presented, the cap should be removed and 
held in the left hand, top uppermost and visor pointing 
left oblique, the forearm being held horizontal and 
against the left side of the body until the reception 
line has been passed. 

At military weddings the bridegroom, best man 
and ushers wear sidearms and the bride cuts the 
wedding cake with her husband's sword. 

Social etiquette regarding visiting cards is the same 
as in civil life. 



CHAPTER VIII 
COMPOSITION OF THE NAVY 

The Navy of the United States comprises the 
following units: 

Regular Navy, National Naval Volunteers (Naval 
Militia), Naval Reserve, Marine Corps, Marine Corps 
Reserve, and Coast Guard. 

The Naval Mihtia has the same relation to the 
Navy as the National Guard to the Army. Naval 
mihtiamen in time of war are known as the National 
Naval Volunteers and become active members of 
the Navy and serve as bluejackets and officers in the 
main or reserve fleets, or wherever else they may 
be assigned. All matters relating to the Naval Militia 
come under the cognizance of the Bureau of Naviga- 
tion. 

The State of Massachusetts was the first to estab- 
lish a Naval Militia, doing so on March 29, 1890. The 
next was the First Battahon Naval Militia, New 
York. It was founded in 1891, using the U. S. S. 
Granite State, a " dreadnaught " of 100 years ago, 
as armory. 

The Naval Reserve Force was authorized by the 
Act of August 29, 1916. It is divided into six classes. 
A brief description of each is given below. 

33 



34 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Class 1. The Fleet Naval Reserve 

A reserve composed entirely of ex-service officers 
and men whose last service with the Navy terminated 
honorably. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to 
active duty at sea. 

Officers and men are enrolled in the rank or rating 
last held in the Navy. 

Class 2. The Naval Reserve 

A reserve composed of ex-merchant marine officers 
and men. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to duty 
on naval and auxiliary vessels. 

In order to be eligible for enrollment as an officer 
the applicant must have had not less than two years' 
experience as a watch officer (deck or engineer) on 
a lake or ocean-going vessel. 

In order to be eligible for enrollment in an enlisted 
rating in this class the applicant must present cre- 
dentials to show the rating in which he has served in 
the merchant service. 

Class 3. The Naval Auxiliary Reserve 

This class of the reserve is composed of officers 
and men serving on board vessels of the United States 
Merchant marine listed by the Navy Department as 



COMPOSITION OF THE NAVY 35 

desirable auxiliaries and to be taken over as such in 
time of war. 

The personnel of this reserve will serve on vessels 
on which they are serving when called into active ser- 
vice. As a rule they will not be transferred to any 
other vessel except in case of emergency. 

Class 4. The Naval Coast Defense Reserve 

This class of reserve force is composed of citizens 
of the United States who might be of special useful 
service in the Navy or in connection with the Navy 
in the defense of the coast. 

Ordinarily these members will perform duty only 
in the district in which enrolled. However, mem- 
bers may be transferred from one district to another 
in the discretion of the Bureau of Navigation. 

Enrollment in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve 
is in no way assurance that the members will not 
perform duty outside of the district in which enrolled. 

Class 5. The Naval Reserve Flying Corps 

Qualified aviators or persons skilled in the design 
or building of air craft. In order to be eligible for 
enrollment in this class of the Naval Reserve Force 
the applicant must be capable of handling air craft 
alone and must be able to navigate the air. 

The personnel of this reserve will be ordered to duty 
at sea or on shore where aviators are necessary. 



36 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Class 6. The Volunteer Naval Reserve 

The members of this class of the Naval Reserve 
Force must necessarily be eligible for one of the other 
classes, the only difference in their status being that 
they serve without retainer pay and without uniform 
gratuity in time of peace. 

All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except 
the Naval Auxiliary Reserve, must be citizens of the 
United States. Members of the Naval Auxiliary 
Reserve must be citizens of the United States or its 
insular possessions. All persons applying for enroll- 
ment in the Naval Reserve Force must furnish satis- 
factory evidence as to character and ability. 

Members of the Naval Reserve Force are not re- 
quired to perform any active service in time of peace. 
However, they are obligated to serve through a war 
or national emergency, and no members of the Naval 
Reserve Force will be eligible for confirmation in rank 
or rating until the completion of not less than three 
months active service. 

All members of the Naval Reserve Force, except 
the Fleet Naval Reserve, enroll in a provisional rank 
or rating. 

The maximum active service in time of peace al- 
lowed any member of the Naval Reserve Force is 
three months per year. This active service may be 
taken at the election of the member, but must be 
in periods of not less than three weeks at any one 
time. 



COMPOSITION OF THE NAVY 37 

For members of the Fleet Naval Reserve the mini- 
mum amount of active service allowed at any one 
time is one month. 

Members of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve perform 
no active service except in time of war. 

Owners and operators of power boats suitable for 
Government purposes may be enrolled in the Naval 
Coast Defense Reserve, and the Secretary of the 
Navy is authorized to enter into contract with owners 
to take over their boats in time of war upon payment 
of a reasonable indemnity. 

United States Junior Naval Reserve 

This is an organization for the training of Ameri- 
can boys for the American Navy and Merchant 
Marine. 



CHAPTER IX 
ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 

The Secretary of the Navy is a civilian appointed 
by the President, and as head of the Navy Depart- 
ment, has the care and control of the Navy. 

The Assistant Secretary of the Navy is a civilian, 
appointed by the President, who performs such duties 
as assigned to him by the Secretary and by law. 
All orders issued by the Assistant Secretary in con- 
ducting the duties assigned to him, are considered 
as emanating from the Secretary. All departmental 
estimates for submission to Congress are under the 
supervision of the Assistant Secretary. 

An act of Congress approved March 4, 1915, es- 
tablished the office of Chief of Naval Operations, 
corresponding to that of Chief of Staff of the Army. 

The Chief of Naval Operations is appointed by the 
President and holds the rank, while so serving, of 
Admiral. 

The Chief of Naval Operations, under the direc- 
tion of the President and the Secretary of the Navy, 
has supervision of the operations of the Fleet, and 
of the preparation and readiness of plans for its use 
in war; of the Naval War College, the office of Naval 

38 



ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 39 

Intelligence, the Office of Gunnery Exercises and 
Engineering Performances, the operation of the Com- 
munication Service, the operations of the aeronautic 
service, of mines and mining, of the Naval Districts, 
Naval Militia, and of the Coast Guard when operated 
with the Navy; the direction of all strategic and 
tactical matters, organization, manoeuvres, gunnery 
exercises, drills, and of the training of the Fleet for 
war; the preparation and enforcement of all drill 
books, signal and cipher codes. Regulations, and 
General Orders. 

The affairs of the Navy are administered by the 
following Bureaus, each having its Chief of Bureau 
with the rank of Rear Admiral: 

Bureau of Navigation, 

Bureau of Ordnance, 

Bureau of Steam Engineering, 

Bureau of Construction and Repair, 

Bureau of Yards and Docks, 

Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 

In addition to the heads of the Bureaus men- 
tioned above, the Secretary's Advisory Council in- 
cludes : 

The Major General Commandant of the Marine 
Corps, ^ 

The Judge Advocate General of the Navy. 

Duties of the Bureau of Navigation. To issue, 
record, and enforce all orders of the Secretary to 
Officers of the Navy. 



40 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

To have charge of the training and education of 
line officers and of enlisted men and of the upkeep 
and operation of all schools therefor. To have under 
its direction the affairs of the Naval Militia, National 
Naval Volunteers, and the Naval Reserve Force, and 
to provide for their mobilization. 

To keep the records of service of all Officers and 
men and to provide their transporattion. 

To establish the complements of all ships in com- 
mission. 

To have charge of all matters pertaining to appoint- 
ments and commissions in the Navy. 

To have charge of the preparation, revision, and 
enforcement of all regulations governing uniform and 
the distribution of all orders and regulations of a 
general and circular character. 

To have charge of the upkeep and operation of the 
Hydrographic Office, the Naval Observatory, Nautical 
Almanac and Compass Offices. 

To have charge of all that relates to the supply of 
ships with navigational outfits. 

The Chief of Bureau is a line officer holding the 
rank of Rear Admiral. 

Duties of the Bureau of Ordnance. To have charge 
of all that relates to tiie upkeep, repair and operation 
of the torpedo stations, naval-proving grounds, and 
magazines on shore, and of the design, manufacture 
and upkeep of the ordnance equipment of the Navy. 
This includes guns, armor, ammunition, torpedoes and 
mines. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 41 

The Chief of Bureau is a line officer holding the 
rank of Rear Admiral. 

Duties of the Bureau of Steam Engineering. To 
have charge of all that relates to the design, instal- 
lation, operation, and upkeep (1) of the motive power 
of the ships of the Navy, (2) of the interior commu- 
nication system of the ships of the Navy, and (3) of 
the radio outfits of the ships of the Navy and on 

shore. 

The Chief of Bureau is a line officer holding the 
rank of Rear Admiral. 

Duties of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. 
To have charge of the design, construction of and 
repair of all ships of the Navy; of the operation of 
dry docks, and of the docking of ships. 

The Chief of Bureau is a Naval Constructor holding 
the rank of Rear Admiral, with the title of Chief 
Constructor. 

Duties of the Bureau of Yards and Docks. To have 
charge of the design, construction and maintenance 
of the shore stations of the Navy. 

The Chief of Bureau is a member of the Civil En- 
gineers Corps holding the rank of Rear Admiral. 

Duties of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts. 
To have charge of the pajaiient of all officers and 
men; the keeping of the money accounts of the 
naval estabhshment, the purchasing, storage, care, 
custody, and issue of all supplies for the Naval 
estabhshment and the food and clothing for the enlisted 
men. 



42 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The Chief of Bureau is an officer of the Paymaster's 
Corps holding the rank of Rear Admiral with the 
title of Paymaster General. 

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. To have charge 
of the upkeep and operation of all hospitals and hos- 
pital ships and to be responsible for the health of the 
officers and enlisted men of the Navy. 

To examine physically all officers and men. 

The Chief of Bureau is a medical officer with the 
rank of Rear Admiral and title of Surgeon General. 

Duties of the Judge Advocate GeneraFs Office. 
To revise and report upon the legal features of and 
to have recorded the proceedings of all courts-martial, 
courts of inquiry, boards of investigation, and inquest, 
and board for the examination of officers for retire- 
ment and promotion in the Naval service; to prepare 
orders convening the. above mentioned courts and 
boards where such courts are ordered by the Secre- 
tary of the Navy; to report upon questions of inter- 
national law. 

The Judge Advocate General is a line officer and 
holds the rank of Captain. 

The General Board. The General Board was 
established by law to devise measures and plans 
for the effective preparation and maintenance of the 
fleet for war and to advise the Secretary as to the 
distribution and disposition of the fleet. 

It is composed of the Admiral of the Navy, the 
Chief of Naval Operations, the Major General Com- 
mandant of the Marine Corps, the Director of Naval 



ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY ASHORE 43 

Intelligence, the President of the Naval War College, 
and such additional officers as the Secretary may 
designate. 

The rank of Admiral of the Navy ceased to exist 
with the death of Admiral Dewey. 



CHAPTER X 



NAVAL DISTRICTS 



For purposes of administration and for military 
reasons the country is divided into Naval Districts, 
each presided over by the commandant. 

There are fourteen of these districts. 



Districts. 




No. 


Limits. 


Headquarters. 


1 


East port, Me., to include Chatham, 

Mass. 


Boston. 


2 


Chatham, to include New London, 


Naval station, Narra- 




Conn. 


gansett Bay. 


3 


New London, to include Barnegat, 
N. J., and Porto Rico. 


New York. 


4 


Barnegat, to include Assateague, 
Va. 


Philadelphia. 


5 


Assateague, to include New River 
Inlet, N. C. 


Norfolk. 


6 


New River Inlet, to include St. 
Johns River, Fla. 


Charleston. 


7 


St. Johns River to include Tampa, 
Fla. 


Key West. 


8 


Tampa to include Rio Grande. 


New Orleans. 


9 


Lake Michigan. 


Naval training station 


10 


Lakes Erie and Ontario. 


Great Lakes. 


11 


Lakes Huron and Superior. 


4 


12 


Southern boundary to latitude 

42° N. 


San Francisco. 


13 


Latitude 42° N. to northern bound- 
ary. 


Bremerton. 


14 


Hawaii and islands of Pacific station. 


Pearl Harbor. 



44 



NAVAL DISTRICTS 45 

The Naval Gun Factory is located at Washington, 
D. C. 

Naval Proving Grounds at Indian Head, Md. 

Naval Observatory at Washington, D. C. 

Naval Academy at Annapohs, Maryland. 

The Naval War College is located at Newport, R. I., 
and was founded by the late Admiral I. B. Luce, 
U. S. Navy. Its purpose is to study Naval warfare, 
strategy and tactics, and to formulate methods and 
plans for our ships and fleets to conduct warfare under 
all conditions and circumstances. High ranking officers 
are sent to the college for a course of instructions. 



CHAPTER XI 
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY AFLOAT 

The principal Naval forces of the United States 
afloat are divided into three active fleets, as follows: 

(a) United States Atlantic Fleet, 

(6) United States Pacific Fleet, 

(c) United States Asiatic Fleet. 

Each of the above Fleets is commanded by a com- 
mander-in-chief; and, in addition, a commander-in- 
chief may be ordered to command a special-service 
squadron or other force afloat at the discretion of 
the Navy Department, 

Special-service squadrons may be organized at 
any time at the discretion of the Navy Department. 

The word ''Fleet" denotes the aggregation of 
forces of various classes of vessels in one organization 
under one command. 

A ''Force" is the major subdivision of a fleet. It 
is composed of all the vessels of the fleet that are of 
the same type or class or that are assigned to the 
same duty. 

Forces are named as follows: 

Battleship Force, 

Scout Force (including battle cruisers, armored 
cruisers, and scouts), 

46 



ORGANIZATION OF THE NAVY AFLOAT 47 

Cruiser Force (including gunboats), 
Destroyer Force, 
Submarine Force, 
Mine Force. 
Train. 

A Train consists of all necessary auxiliaries such as 
coal ships, ammunition ships, provision ships, repair 
ships, etc. 

A fleet may consist of the following vessels : 
(a) One ship as flagship of commander-in-chief. 
(h) Battleship divisions consisting normally of two 
sections of two battleships each. 
Two divisions normally compose a squadron. 
(c) Battle and armored cruiser divisions consist- 
ing normally of two sections of two' vessels 
each. 
Two divisions normally compose a squadron. 
{d) Scout divisions consisting normally of two sec- 
tions of three vessels each. 
(e) Cruiser divisions, including gunboats, consisting 
normally of two sections of three vessels 
each. 
Three divisions normally compose a squadron. 
(/) Destroyer and submarine divisions consisting 
of two sections of three vessels each. 
Two or three divisions of these vessels compose 
a flotilla. 
(g) Mine force and train. 
Vessels of the Navy are classed as follows : 
Battleships, First line, 



48 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Battleships, Second line, 
Battle cruisers, 
Armored cruisers, 
Cruisers, First class, 
Cruisers, Second class, 
Cruisers, Third class, 
Gunboats, 
Monitors, 

Torpedo-boat destroyers, 
Torpedo-boats, 
Submarines, 
Auxiliaries. 



CHAPTER XII 
TYPES OF SHIPS 

Battleships are vessels supposed to be able to fight 
any vessel anywhere. The older type of battleship 
varies from 11,000 to 16,000 tons in displacement and 
carries four 12- or 13-inch guns mounted in turrets 
forward and aft, from twelve to sixteen guns of 
intermediate caliber and from twenty to thirty small 
secondary guns. 

Dreadnaughts are battleships varying from 20,000 
to 32,000 tons in displacement. The '^ all-big-gun" 
feature is the important consideration in this type 
of battleship. The vessels carry from eight to twelve 
12-inch, 14-inch, or 16-inch guns mounted in turrets 
on the centerline, and sixteen or more secondary guns 
of 5- or 6-inch caliber for the purpose of torpedo 
defense. Battleships are heavily armored, have mod- 
erate speed (about 21 knots) and considerable coal 
capacity or steaming radius. 

Battle cruisers are built along the sam.e general 
lines as battleships, but armor and armament are 
reduced in weight to allow for greater speed. 

Armored cruisers are vessels not so powerful as 
battleships. They have greater speed but lighter 
armor and armament. 

49 



50 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Cruisers are vessels of from 2000 to 10,000 tons,, 
divided into three classes according to their dis- 
placement. They have good speed, no armor except 
on turrets and barbettes, which are rarely carried 
on that class, a complete protective deck, varying 
coal capacity, and numerous intermediate and sec- 
ondary guns. 

Gunboats are light unarmored and unprotected 
vessels of less than 2000 tons. They are so variable 
in size and type that they are difficult to describe. 
They generally have a fairly good speed, good coal 
capacity, moderate battery, and carry sail either for 
steady or for auxiliary propulsion. 

Torpedo-boats and Destroyers vary in tonnage; 
torpedo-boats from 50 to 300 tons; destroyers from 
400 to 1200 tons. They are entirely unarmored or 
unprotected. They have very high speed and poor 
fuel capacity. They carry several torpedo tubes and 
a number of secondary guns (usually about 4-inch 
guns) . 

Monitors are obsolete vessels of moderate displace- 
ment — 3000 to 6000 tons — with very low freeboard, 
waterline heavily armored, armored deck, poor coal 
capacity, and low speed. The battery generally con- 
sists of one or two pairs of large caliber guns mounted 
in turrets, a few intermediate battery guns and a few 
secondary guns. They are desgned for harbor defense. 

Submarines are vessels so constructed as to run 
on top of the water, partly under the water, or entirely 
submerged. They vary in tonnage from 500 to 1200 



TYPES OF SHIPS 51 

tons. They have a surface speed from ten to sixteen 
knots, a submerged speed from six to twelve knots. 
Submarines are not armored and carry disappearing 
guns of about 4 inches in caliber and one or more 
torpedo tubes. 

They are caused to submerge by changing their 
specific gravity by means of water ballast and by change 
of angularity of horizontal rudders. 

Submarine Chasers are light unarmored vessels 
capable of maintaining a very high speed for a short 
time and carrying a gun of about 4 inches in caliber. 



CHAPTER XIII 

DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 

ABOARD SHIP 

The number of men aboard ship, known as the 
complement of the ship, varies with the size and class 
of ship and for administrative and fighting purposes 
are divided into divisions corresponding to companies 
of the Army. 

The personnel is first divided into two general 
forces: (1) the Engineer Force, and (2) the Deck Force. 

(1) The Engineer Force has charge of the motive 
power of the ship, including the main engines and 
all of its auxiliary machinery, and its maintenance 
and upkeep. 

(2) The Deck Force has charge of the upkeep of 
the ship and the upkeep and firing of the guns. 

The Captain of the ship is in general command 
of the ship and of all officers and men on board. He 
is responsible for the safety and state of efficiency 
of the ship and for the lives of the men. 

An officer with the rank of Captain is generally in 
command of first-rate ships. Officers of lower rank 
may command smaller vessels. 

The executive officer, or aid to the Captain, is the 

52 



DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 53 

next, ranking line officer aboard ship. His duties 
correspond more or less to the business manager of 
a concern. He is the direct representative of the 
Captain and as such all officers and men aboard ship 
are under his orders. The responsibility of the per- 
sonnel and of the ship's routine, efficiency and dis- 
cipline is largely in his hands. 

The First Lieutenant is responsible for the clean- 
liness, good order, efficiency and neat and trim appear- 
ance of the ship and is the construction officer of the 
ship. 

The Navigating Officer is responsible for the safe 
piloting and navigation of the ship. 

The Gunnery Officer is responsible for and has super- 
vision over the entire ordnance equipment. He is 
the head of the ordnance department of the ship and 
has charge of the training of the gun's crew. 

The Engineer Officer is responsible for the preser- 
vation and efficient working of the motive power of 
the ship and of its auxiliary machinery. He is the 
head of the engineering department of the ship and 
has command of the engineer's division. 

The Division Officers are responsible for the con- 
trol and fighting efficiency of their divisions, for the 
care and preservation of the material and of the 
part of the ship allotted to their divisions, and for 
the instruction and the drilling of their men. 

The Officer of the Deck is the division officer on 
watch in charge of the ship. He represents the. 
Captain, while on watch, and has authority, in the 



54 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

performance of his duty, over every person on board, 
except the Captain and the executive officer. 

Junior Officers are officers below the rank of lieu- 
tenant, junior grade, who are junior division and 
deck officers. They correspond to the first and second 
lieutenants of an infantry company. 

Chief Warrant Officers, Warrant Officers, and Chief 
Petty Officers perform various duties aboard ship. 
They are experts in their particular department 
on board ship. 

Chief Boatswains and Boatswains are thorough 
practical seamen. They are charged with the care 
and preservation of boats, anchors, cables, rigging, etc. 

Chief Gunners and Gunners, if Ordnance Gunners, 
are charged with the care and preservation of the 
ordnance material aboard ship under the supervision 
of the Ordnance Officer; if electrical gunners, the care 
and preservation of electrical material under the 
supervision of the electrical officer. 

Chief Machinists and Machinists are assigned 
duties in connection with the maintenance and repair 
of the machinery. They may also be assigned to 
duty as Assistant Engineer Officers. 

Chief Carpenters and Carpenters are charged with 
the care, preservation and repair of the ship. 

Duties of Naval Officers According to Rank 

Officers of the Navy are known as (1) Officers of 
the Line ; (2) Officers of the Staff. 

The Officers of the Line are as follows: 



DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 55 

(1) The Admiral of the Navy. 

This rank does not exist at present. 

(2) Admiral. 

Commands a fleet. 

Chief of Naval Operations. 

Vice Admiral. Commands a squadron, or a larger 
force or detachment on important, independent duty, 
or may be second in command of a fleet. 

Rear Admiral. Has charge of a squadron, division, 
or a force or detachment on independent duty, or a 
naval station. 

Captain. Commands a division, squadron, destroyer 
or submarine flotilla, naval station, battleship, ar- 
mored cruiser, or first-rate ship. He may also be 
chief of a flag officer's staff. 

Commander. Commands a division, squadron, naval 
station, battleship, armored cruiser, or a first, second, 
or third-rate ship. Furthermore, he may be placed in 
charge of a destroyer or submarine flotilla, or be as- 
signed to serve as chief of staff for some flag officer, 
as fleet engineer, or as executive officer of an armored 
cruiser or battleship. 

Lieutenant Commander. Commands a destroyer 
or submarine flotilla or group, or conmiands a third- 
or fourth=rate ship, or a destroyer. On battleships 
or cruisers in charge of captains, he may act as navi- 
gator, or executive, gunnery, or engineer officer. 
Lieutenant commanders also act as flag secretaries 
on a commander-in-chief's staff, or as gunnery officers 
of fleets. 



56 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Lieutenant. May command a fourth-rate ship. 
This rank also permits an officer to take charge of 
a torpedo boat, a submarine, or a division of them; 
to command a destroyer, unrated ship, tender, or 
tug; to be navigator, or executive, gunnery, engineer, 
or watch officer on a vessel commanded by a superior, 
and to act as a flag officer's aide, or be a flag lieutenant. 

Lieutenant (J. G.). May command a torpedo 
boat, submarine, unrated ship, a tug, or a tender. 
He may also be assigned to a ship commanded by a 
superior and given such posts as fall to a lieutenant 
under like circumstances. , . 

Ensign. A commissioned officer of the lowest rank 
may command the same list of vessels, or serve aboard 
a superior officer's vessel in about the same capacities 
as a lieutenant, or as a junior officer under a lieu- 
tenant. 

Midshipmen are by law officers in a qualified 
sense. When on duty afloat they outrank aU officers 
who are not commissioned and may be given watches, 
or assigned to division or other duties. 

Officers of the Line Exercise Military Command* 
Line officers on the retired list have the titles of the 
rank with which retired. 

The Officers of the Staff are as follows: 

Medical Officers, 

Dental Officers, 

Pay Officers, 

Chaplains, 

Professors of Mathematics, 



DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 57 

Naval Constructors, 
Civil Engineers. 

Commissioned Warrant Officers. These are officers 
who have nsen from the ranks, having specialized in 
some particular branch. They are appointed by 
the Secretary of the Navy from among those who 
successfully pass certain examinations. Commissions 
raismg them next to the ensign in rank and prefixing 
chief to their titles, are given by the President 
after they have spent six years in the service and qual- 
ffied themselves for promotion. By passing examina- 
tions and receiving appointments it is possible for them 
to obtain commissions as ensigns, which place them 
on a, footing with graduates of the naval academy and 
in line for promotion to higher ranks. 
-^Commissioned warrant officers include: 

Chief Boatswains, 
Chief Gunners, 
Chief Machinists, 
Chief Carpenters, 
Pay Clerks, 
Sailmakers, 
Pharmacists. 

Warrant Officers. These are officers who have risen 
from the ranks, but who have not been commissioned. 
Iney include: 

Boatswains, 
Gunners, 



58 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Machinists, 

Carpenters, 

Pay Clerks, 

Sailmakers, 

Pharmacists, 

Marine Gunners, 

Quartermaster Clerks. 

Warrant officers rank next after Midshipmen and 
ahead of Mates. 

Mates are rated, by authority of the Secretary of 
the Navy, from seamen and ordinary seamen who 
have been enlisted in the Naval service for not less 
than two years. 

Commissioned warrant officers, warrant officers, 
mates, and petty officers have, under their superiors, 
all necessary authority for the due performance of 
their duties. 

Petty Officers are classed as follows: 

Chief Petty Officers, 

Petty Officers, 1st class, 

Petty Officers, 2d class, 

Petty Officers, 3d class. 

They are analogous to the non-commissioned officers 
of the Army. 

Petty Officers include the following: 

Masters-at-arms (who are responsible for the main- 
tenance of order) 
Boatswains' Mates Yeomen 



DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 59 



Turret Captains 
Gun Captains 
Quartermasters 
Machinists' Mates 
Electricians 
Carpenters' Mates 
Water Tenders 
Coppersmiths 
Blacksmiths 
Plumbers and Fitters 
Painters 
Ship-fitters 



Pharmacists' Mates 

Bandmasters 

Musicians 

Commissary Stewards 

Cooks 

Bakers 

Sergeants Major 

Quartermaster Sergeants 

First Sergeants 

Gunnery Sergeants 

Drum Majors 



'iTLES AND Relative Rank of Staff Officers, 

U. S. Navy 



Title 
Pay Director 

Pay Inspector 

Paymaster 



Pay Officers 

Rank 
Rear Admiral 
Captain 

Commander 



Passed Assistant Pajnnaster 



Assistant Paymaster 



Lieutenant Commander 
Lieutenant 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant (junior grade) 

Lieutenant (junior grade) 
Ensign 



60 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



Title 
Medical Director 

Medical Inspector 

Surgeon 

Passed Assistant Surgeon 

Assistant Surgeon 



Chaplain 



Medical Officers 

Rank 
j Rear Admiral 
[ Captain 

Commander 

Lieutenant Commander 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant (junior grade) 

Chaplain 

' Captain 
Commander 
Lieutenant Commander 
Lieutenant 

. Lieutenant (junior grade) 

Professor of Mathematics 

Captain 
Commander 
Lieutenant Commander 
Lieutenant 

This Corps is to be abolished upon the death, resig- 
nation, or dismissal of the officers now commissioned 

in that Corps. 

Naval Constructors 

Rear Admiral 

Captain 
Naval Constructor - Commander 

Lieutenant Commander 
. Lieutenant 
Assistant Naval Constructor Lieutenant (junior grade) 



Professor of Mathematics 



DUTIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS AND MEN 61 



Title 



Civil Engineer 



Assistant Civil Engineer 



Civil Engineers 

Rank 

Rear Admiral 

Captain 

Commander 

Lieutenant Commander 

Lieutenant 

Lieutenant (junior grade) 

Ensign 



The duties of the staff officers vary according to the 
branch to which they belong. 

Chief boatswains, chief gunners, chief machinists, 
^oatswains, gunners, and machinists are classed as 
Line Officers of the Navy. 

Chief Carpenters, chief pay clerks, chief sailmakers, 
chief pharmacists, carpenters, pay clerks, sailmakers, 
and pharmacists are classed as Staff Officers. 



CHAPTER XIV 
NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 

Salutes 

From time immemorial the salute has been a form 
of military courtesy that has been strictly and con- 
scientiously observed by men of every nationality 
who followed the profession of arms. 

The saluting distance, manner of saluting, etc., 
with or without arms, as set forth under the heading 
of "Salutes in the Army," is the same for the Navy 
(see page 21). 

The National flag is flown from the main truck or 
peak of a ship when under way and from the flagstaff 
aft when at anchor. 

The Union Jack is flown from the jackstaff forward 
when a ship is at anchor. 

The salute in the Navy of the National Anthem 
is the same as that in the Army (see page 22). 

The same marks of respect shall be shown toward 
the National Anthem of any other country when 
played upon official occasions. 

In falling in with ships of foreign nations, or in 
entering foreign ports, the National Salute of Twenty- 
one Guns is fired, and, in turn, answered by the 
foreign ships or batteries. 

62 



NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 63 

In regard to personal salutes, a junior always salutes 
a senior. An enlisted man salutes an officer, and the 
very officer saluted is called to account if he fails 
to salute another officer, his senior. 

If uncertainty exists in regard to the necessity for 
saluting, the only rule to follow is to render the salute. 

Men who are actually at work salute only when 
addressed by an officer or called to attention. 

Men who are in Military or Division Formation 
do not salute when they are directly addressed but 
if at ''rest" they come to attention. 

Men who are seated at work, at games or at rest 
are not required to rise when an officer other than 
the Captain or the Admiral passes except when they 
are called to attention or when it is necessary for 
them to rise in order to clear a gangway. 

When an officer enters a boat, juniors are required 
to rise and salute, unless awnings are spread, in which 
case salute without rising. 

All officers and enhsted men salute the captain 
and all officers senior to him on every occasion of 
meeting, passing near, or being addressed by them. 

On board ship enlisted men salute all officers junior 
to the captain on their first daily meeting or passing 
near, and whenever addressed by them or addressing 
them. At other times they clear the gangway and 
stand at attention facing the officer until he has 
passed. 

All men salute the executive officer, or other officer, 
when he is making an inspection. 



64 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Juniors always get into a boat ahead of, and leave 
it after, their senior, unless the senior officer in the 
boat gives orders to the contrary. As a general rule, 
the seniors take the seats furthest aft; juniors will 
leave such seats for their seniors. 

Ashore all salutes in passing or approaching are 
begun first by the junior at six paces distance, or at 
six paces from the nearest point of passing; no salutes, 
except as otherwise prescribed, are made at a greater 
distance than thirty paces. 

Officers in civilian dress are saluted in the same 
manner as when in uniform. 

Officers will at all times acknowledge the salutes 
of enlisted men. 

When an officer enters a room where there are 
enlisted men, ''attention" is called by someone who 
perceivjgs him; then all rise, remain standing at 
attention, uncovered, and preserve silence until the 
officer leaves the room; if at meals, they will not 
rise. 

An enlisted man, being seated and without particu- 
lar occupation, rises on the approach of an officer, 
faces toward him and salutes; if standing, he faces 
toward the officer for the same purpose. If the parties 
remain in the same place or on the same ground, such 
compliments need not be repeated. 

Men at all times, and in all situations, pay the 
same compliments to officers of the Army, Navy, 
and Marine Corps, to officers of the Volunteers and 
Militia in the service of the United States, and to 



NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 65 

officers of foreign service, as they do to the officers 
of the ship or command to which they belong. 

The bugle call '' Attention" is a signal for every 
man on board ship to stand at attention and face 
the person for whom '' Attention" is sounded, if he 
can be seen; otherwise, stand at attention facing 
outboard. However, men inside the ship on covered 
decks, if not in sight through gun ports or other 
openings, are not required to obey the bugle call, 
but they must keep silence until ''Carry On" is 
sounded. 

The following ceremonies are observed at ''Colors" 
on board ships in commission: The field music, guard 
of the day, and the band, if there be one, are present. 
At morning "Colors" the band plays "The Star 
Spangled Banner," and, at the first note of the na- 
tional air, the ensign is started up and hoisted smartly 
to the peak or truck. All officers and men stand 
at attention, facing the ensign, and if in uniform and 
covered, salute at the first note of the anthem and 
retain the position of salute until the last note of 
the anthem. The guard of the day and the sentries 
under arms come to the position of "Present" while 
the national air is being played. If there is no band 
available, the field music sounds the "Colors" call 
in place of the national air and the same honors are 
rendered as noted above. The same ceremonies are 
observed at sunset "Colors," the ensign being started 
from the truck or peak at the beginning of the national 
air or "Colors." 



66 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The same ceremonies are observed at naval sta- 
tions. 

When the ensign is hoisted at sunrise, the usual 
honors and ceremonies are paid, and they are not 
repeated at 8 a.m. 

The same honors are rendered at "Colors" to for- 
eign ensigns, when circumstances warrant, except that 
where such honors are rendered simultaneously to 
our own and to foreign ensigns, the precedence is 
given to our own. 

''All officers and men, whenever reaching the quar- 
terdeck, either from a boat, from a gangway, from 
the shore, or from another part of the ship, salute the 
national ensign. In making this salute, which is 
entirely distinct from the salute to the officer of the 
deck, the person making it stops at the top of the 
gangway or upon arriving at the quarterdeck, faces 
the colors, and renders the salute, after which the 
officer of the deck is saluted. In leaving the quar- 
terdeck, the same salutes are rendered in inverse order. 
The officer of the deck returns both salutes in either 
case, and requires that they be properly made." 

The starboard gangway is used by all commissioned 
officers and their visitors; the port gangway by all 
other persons. If the construction of the ship, or 
other circumstances, make a change in this rule expe- 
dient, the change may be made at the discretion of 
the commanding officer. 

In heavy weather the lee gangway shall be used by 
alL 



NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 67 

In going on board a ship after saluting the colors 
and then the officer of the deck, report: ''I request 
your permission to come aboard, sir"; in leaving the 
ship, "I request your permission to leave the ship, 
sir." 

Always salute when addressing or being addressed 
by the officer of the deck. 

At parade and other ceremonies, under arms, the 
salutes are the same as those rendered in the Army 
(see page 23). 

The rendering of salutes in public conveyances 
are the same in the Navy as in the Army (see page 26). 

Always remove the hat when entering an officers' 
state-room or mess-room. 

It is customary for officers and soldiers, whether 
with or without sidearms, to remove the cap when 
greeting ladies. If the lady is accompanied by an 
officer, the sailor would render the mihtary salute. 

It is considered unmiUtary for officers in uniform to 
carry an umbrella or packages. 

When an order from a senior is received the proper 
reply is ''Aye, aye, sir," meaning the order is under- 
stood and will be obeyed. 

A senior rephes or acknowledges a message from 
a junior with ''Very good, sir." 

Officers are addressed officially by the titles pre- 
scribed: Officers of the line from Admiral to Ensign; 
officers of the staff by the title in the corps to which 
they belong. (See table, page 59.) 

In non-ofiicial conversation or correspondence, all 



68 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

officers of the line of or above the rank of Commander 
are addressed by their titles. An officer of the rank 
of Commander is addressed either as Commander 
or as Captain. Other officers are addressed as Mr. 
The military title is generally used in introducing 
officers of all ranks. 

Officers of the Medical Corps are generally addressed 
socially as Surgeon or Doctor. 

When off duty, older officers sometimes address 
juniors by their surnames, as "Smith," but this does 
not give the junior the privilege of addressing his 
senior in any other way than by his proper title or 
as Mr. 

Officers of the same grade generally address one 
another by their surnames. 

Chaplains are addressed as "Chaplain." 

Commanding officers of ships are addressed as 
"Captain." 

All petty officers and men are addressed by their 
surnames. 

Officers take procedure according to rank as laid 
down in the Regulations, and this precedence extends 
to the social life, to the mess, and to the club. 

The executive officer sits at the head of the table 
at mess, and, according to rank, from the head to the 
foot, the junior nearest the foot. The mess treasurer 
generally sits at the foot of the table. 

With the exception of breakfast, it is customary 
to wait until the senior officer comes to the table 
before being seated. 



NAVAL ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS 69 

Official calls are made in accordance with Navy 
Regulations. 

An officer when reporting for duty presents his 
orders to the Commanding officer. He should be 
in the uniform prescribed in the Navy Regulations. 

An officer should call ''socially" upon the com- 
manding officer, and all officers' messes aboard ship 
within a few days after he reports for duty aboard 
ship. 

It is customary for representatives of the various 
messes aboard ship to call upon correspondent messes 
of all foreign ships who anchor in the same port. 

It is customary for a committee of officers to make 
the round of calls on New Year's Day on all ships 
in the same port. 

In Washington it is customary to call on the Sec- 
retary of the Navy and other high officials on New 
Year's Day, full dress uniform being worn. 



CHAPTER XV 
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 

The Marine Corps was first called into existence 
by the act of the Continental Congress of November 
10, 1775, and served throughout the Revolutionary 
War. It was disbanded at the close of the war, 
but was reorganized and permanently established 
July 11, 1798. It has participated in every expe- 
dition and action in which the Navy has engaged, 
and has cooperated in campaigns with the Army. 

The Marines are "Soldiers and Sailors too" and are 
generally known as the "soldiers of the sea." 

They are an independent branch of the miUtary 
service of the United States, serving generally under 
the direction of the Secretary of the Na\y. They 
protect Government property at naval stations at 
home, and furnish the first fine of the mobile defense 
at naval bases and naval stations beyond the limits 
of the United States. They guard American lives 
and interests abroad and are used as expeditionary 
forces and for advance base duty. The marines go 
with the warships, do guard duty on board, man 
part of the secondary battery, and act as landing 
parties ashore. 

The JMarine Corps is at all times subject to the 

70 



UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 71 

laws and regulations established for the Government 
of the Navy, except when detached for service with 
the Army by order of the President; when so de- 
tached they are subject to the rules and articles of 
war prescribed for the Government of the Army. 
They are liable to do duty in the forts and garrisons 
of the United States on the seacoast or any other 
duty on shore, as the President, at his discretion, 
may direct. 

The commandant of the Marine Corps, with the 
rank of Major General, is stationed at the head- 
quarters of the Marine Corps, Washington, D. C, 
and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for 
the general efficiency and discipline of the Corps. 

Officers of the Marine Corps are, in relation to 
rank, on the same footing as officers of similar grades 
in the Army. 

Quartermaster's Clerks and Marine Gunners are 
Warrant Officers, corresponding to that rank in the 
'Navy. 

The Marine Corps Reserve was authorized by Con- 
gress as a reserve force to be trained in time of peace, 
and called into active service only when the country 
is at war, or when there exists a national emergency 
as declared by the President. 



CHAPTER XVI 
COAST GUARD 

The United States Coast Guard was created by the 
act of January 28, 1915, which provides that ''There 
is hereby estabhshed in heu of the existing Revenue 
Cutter Service and the Life-saving Service, to be 
composed of those two existing organizations, the 
Coast Guard, which shall constitute a part of the 
military forces of the United States and which shall 
operate under the Treasury Department in time of 
peace, and operate as a part of the Navy, subject to 
the orders of the Secretary of the Navy, in time of 
war or when the President shall sO direct." The orig- 
inal Revenue Cutter Service was organized by act of 
Congress approved August 4, 1790, The Life-saving 
Service was originally operated under the Revenue 
Cutter Service, but on June 20, 1874, Congress created 
it a separate service to operate under the Treasury 
Department. The Officers of the Coast Guard are 
on the same footing in rank and pay as officers of the 
Army and Na^^y. 

Whenever, in time of war, the Coast Guard oper- 
ates as a part of the Navy in accordance with law, 
the personnel of that service shall be subject to the 
laws prescribed for the government of the Navy. 

There are 281 stations, divided into 13 districts. 

72 



CHAPTER XVII 
LIGHT HOUSE SERVICE 

The Light House Service is under the Bureau of 
Commerce and is charged with the estabUshment 
and maintenance of lighthouses, hght-vessels, buoys, 
and other aids to navigation on coasts and rivers of 
the United States, as authorized by Congress, and 
with the direction of the offices, depots and tenders 
required in this work. 

The President is authorized whenever a sufficient 
national emergency exists to transfer to the service 
and jurisdiction of the Na\^ Department, or of the 
War Department, such vessels, equipment, stations 
and personnel of the Light House Service as he may 
deem to the best interest of the country; the per- 
sonnel so transferred while under the jurisdiction of 
the Navy Department or War Department, is sub- 
ject to the laws and regulations of the Army or Navy 
as the case may be. 

When the national emergency ceases to exist the 
vessels, equipment, stations and personnel transferred 
to the Army or Navy shall be returned to the Light 
House Service. The Secretary of the Navy, the 
Secretary of War and the Secretary of Commerce 
jointly prescribe regulations governing the duties to 

73 



74 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

be performed by the Light House Service in time of 
war, and for the cooperation of that service with the 
Navy and War Departments in time of peace in prep- 
aration for its duties in war. 



CHAPTER XVIII 

COAST AND. GEODETIC SURVEY 

The coast and geodetic survey is under the Depart- 
ment of Commerce. It has no mihtary duties, but 
is charged with the survey of the coasts of the United 
States and coasts under the jurisdiction thereof, and 
the pubHcation of charts covering said coasts; the 
survey of rivers to the head of tide water or ship 
navigation; deep sea soundings; temperature and cur- 
rent observations along said coasts and throughout 
the Gulf and Japan streams; magnetic observations 
and researches and the publication of maps showing 
the variations of terrestrial magnetism; gravity re- 
search; the determination of heights; of geographic 
positions by astronomic observations for latitude, 
longitude, and azimuth, 



75 



76 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



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CHAPTER XIX 

STRENGTH AND ORGANIZATION OF 
FOREIGN ARMIES 

The basis of the infantry organization of all foreign 
armies is the battalion. The typical battalion is 
composed of four companies and has a war strength 
of some 25 officers and 1100 men. 

The basis of all foreign cavalry organization is the 
squadron. The foreign squadron numbers from 120 
to 150 sabers. Regiments contain from three to 
six squadrons. 

The battery is usually taken as the unit of field 
artillery organization. Leaving aside Russia, there 
are two great systems of field artillery organization. 
These may be called after their exponents, the French 
and the German systems. 

The French system takes four guns as the firing 
imit, the battery, and assigns all of the ammunition 
which should be available upon entry into action to 
the battery; batteries count four or five officers and 
170 men. 

Under the German system the firing unit, battery, 
counts six guns and only so much ammunition as is 
needed for the immediate service of the piece is as- 
signed to the batteries; the remainder of the am- 

77 



78 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

munition being assembled in an ammunition battery 
which forms an integral part of the battalion. 

In both systems, the number of firing batteries in 
the battalion is three (3), the German system having 
an additional battery for ammunition gives that 
system four battery organizations to the battalion. - 

Under the German system the strength of firing 
batteries is about 5 officers and 150 men and that of 
ammunition batteries is 4 officers and 188 men. 

Therefore, leaving aside battalion staffs, the strength 
of which are not dependent upon the particular sys- 
tem, under the French system the battalion counts 
about 15 officers, 510 men, and 12 guns, whereas 
under- the German system, it counts 19 officers, 638 
men, and 18 guns. . 

France 

The French Army proper is known as the Metro- 
politan Army, which is divided between France and 
Algiers. 

The peace strength of the French Army comprises 
21 army corps, each army corps having two divisions. 

There are 47 divisions, 92 infantry brigades, and 
21 field artillery brigades which are distributed among 
the 21 corps. 

There are also 10 cavalry divisions, each division 
containing 20 to 24 squadrons and 2 horse batteries. 

The war strength is unknown, but in 1914 about 
5,500,000 had had mihtary training and the war strength 
was estimated at about 4,000,000. 



STRENGTH OF FOREIGN ARMIES 79 



Germany 

The German Army as organized in peace consisted 
of 25 army corps and 1 cavalry division, besides cer- 
tain special troops. 

Normally, the Army corps is composed of 2 infantry 
divisions and certain train troops and other auxiliaries. 

The typical infantry formation is as follows: Four 
companies to a battalion, 3 battalions to a regiment, 
2 regiments to the brigade, 2 brigades to a division, 
with one of the divisions in a corps having an extra 
battalion of sharpshooters known as Jagers. The 
strength of the battalion in war is about 1,000 rifles. 

The total peace strength amounted to about 800,000 
officers and men. To these should be added from 
10,000 to 12,000 ''Einjarhrigfreiwilligus" or men 
who serve for one year, defraying their own expenses. 

The sum total of trained men which Germany had 
available for war was about 4,610,000. 

/ 
Austria-Hungary 

The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in time of 
peace maintains three separate armies supported by 
the empire, by Austria and by Hungary, respectively. 

These armies are known as the common army, 
the Austrian Landwehr, and the Hungarian Land- 
wehr, respectively. The two Landwehr armies differ, 
however, from the Landwehr of other countries in 
that they are maintained with the colors in time of 



80 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

peace. The common army* is known as the first hne, 
and the two Landwehr armies as the second Hne. 

The peace strength of the combined armies was 
about 473,000, whereas the war strength, 1914, was 
approximately 4,320,000. 

Russia 

Russia maintained in time of peace three separate 
armies, namely, the Army of Europe and the Cau- 
casus, the Army of Central Asia, the Army of Siberia 
and Eastern Asia. 

The total peace strength amounted to about 
1,284,000. 

The total number of trained men subject to call 
amounted to about 6,000,000. 

Great Britain 

The military forces of Great Britain in time of 
peace are divided into the regular forces and the 
territorial forces. 

The regular forces are again divided into British 
forces, Indian forces, and colonial forces, and in 
addition certain colonial militia. 

The peace strength amounted to about 700,000. 

Italy 

The Italian forces are composed of the regular 
army, the mobile militia, and the territorial militia. 
The two latter categories are not constantly under 



STRENGTH OF FOREIGN ARMIES 



81 



arms and in reality form a kind of reserve (Landwerir) 
into which men pass after service with the colors. 
Both the mobile and the territorial militia are com- 
posed of all arms of the service. 

The total peace strength of the regular army is 
305,000. 



TABLE SHOWING HIGHER ORGANIZATION EXISTING 

IN TIME OF PEACE 



(No militia, reserve, 


or territorial troops 


are included) 


Country. 


Army 
Corps. 


Divi- 
sions. 


Cavalry 
Divisions 


Infantry 
Brigades. 


Cavalry 
Brigades. 


Field 
Artillery 
Brigades. 


France .... 
Germany. . 
Austria. . . . 
Russia. . . . 
England. . . 

Italy 

Japan 


21 
25 
16 
37 


12 




47 

50 
33 
76 
6 
25 
21 


10 

1 

8 
27 
1 
3 



92 
112 
58 
160 
18 
51 
43 


38 
69 
19 
61 

4 
8 
4 


21 
50 
19 
61 
26 
20 
3 



CHAPTER XX 
UNITED STATES 

Army Uniforms 

Soldiers' dress has become more somber through- 
out the world. Anything which would catch and 
reflect the light or distinguish at a distance officers 
from men, is dispensed with under war conditions. 

The question of visibility has transformed the 
uniform of not only the British Army, but also that 
of the Belgians and of the French, and the enemy's 
troops use the well-known "field gray." 

The field uniform of the United States Army is 
khaki or '' olive drab." Puttees, leggins, or boots are 
worn. 

« 

The undress cap of the Army Officer is the same 
for all ranks (see Plate 2). General Officers in 
field hats are distinguished by their gold hat cords, 
while other officers wear the gold and black striped 
hat cord. Enlisted men wear hat cords of different 
colors, depending upon the corps to which they belong. 
Stripes of the same colors on trousers denote the 
various corps in the blue uniform except in the in- 
fantry, the stripes of which are white (see Plate 10.) 

Quartermaster's Corps Buff 

Corps of Engineers Scarlet and white 

82 



PLATE I 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Shoulder Marks 




MAvJOR 



CAPTAIN 



FIRST LIEUTENANT SECOND UEUTEINANT 



83 



84 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Ordnance Department Black and scarlet. 

Signal Corps Orange and white 

Infantry Light blue 

Cavalry Yellow 

Artillery Scarlet 

Hospital Corps Medical Corps. Maroon and white 

Enlisted men wear the corps device on the cap. 
These devices are shown in Plate 8. 

The insignia of corps, department, or arm of service, 
or aid, are not worn on the sleeve of the overcoat. 

The insignia of rank is indicated on the sleeve of 
the overcoat as follows (see Plate 2). 

GeneraL Four silver stars, or 2 silver stars and 
coat-of-arms, in horizontal row, 1 broad stripe of 
black braid, 1 narrow stripe of black braid. 

Lieutenant General. Three silver stars in horizontal 
row, 1 broad stripe of black braid, 1 narrow stripe of 
black braid. 

Major General. Two silver stars in horizontal row, 
1 broad stripe of black braid, 1 narrow stripe of black 
braid. 

Colonel. An ornamentation of 5 narrow strands 
of black braid forming 3 knots. 

Lieutenant Colonel. An ornamentation of four nar- 
row strands of black braid forming three knots. 

Major. An ornamentation of three narrow strands 
of black braid forming three knots. 

Captain. An ornamentation of two narrow strands 
of black braid forming three knots. 



UNITED STATES ARMY UNIFORMS 85 

First Lieutenant. An ornamentation of one narrow 
strand of black braid forming three knots. 

Officers of the General Staff Corps wear under the 
black braid ornamentation a broad stripe consisting 
of four strands of black braid. 

The insignia of rank of officers, in service uniforms, 
is worn on shoulder loops made of the same material 
as the coat. (See Plate 1.) 



General * 



The coat-of-arms 
between two 
silver stars 
.4 silver stars 

Lieutenant General 3 silver stars 

Major General . 2 silver stars 

Brigadier General 1 silver star 

Colonel silver eagle 

Lieutenant Colonel silver oak leaf 

Major gold oak leaf 

Captain 2 silver bars 

First Lieutenant 1 silver bar 

Second Lieutenant No insignia 

All officers wear a brown stripe around the cuff of 
the coat. 

Officers' collar ornaments (Plates 3 and 4) are made 
of bronze. Two ornaments are worn on each side 

* The insignia of rank of a general is left to the discretion of 
the wearer, and may be either four stars or the national coat of 
arms, head of eagle up, midway between two stars. 



PLATE II 

UNITED STATES ARMY 




Genera! Officers tvearnarmf 
black sfnpe above brood 
blacH sfripe nith stars hehrten 
(in honzorttol ra»)indicof- 
ing rank. 



GENERAL STAFF 

• BELOW 
BRIGADIER GENER^L 





COLONEL 




UEUTEN/kNT COLONEL 




MAJOR 




COLLAR DEVICE 
NATIONAL ARMY 





CAPTAIN 
Insignia of Rank on Cuff of Overcoat 



FIRST LlEUTENAtlT 

SECOND LIEUTENANT 
Wears BROWN 5roidina 





CAP WORN BY OFFICERS OF 
U S ARMV SHOWING DEVI':' 



BUTTONS 



COLLAR DEVICE 
NATIONAL GUARD 





NATIONAL ARMV 



NATIONAL GUARD 



86 



UNITED STATES ARMY UNIFORMS 87 

of the collar. The one nearest the front designates 
the Army. For the regular army a U. S. is worn 
(Plate 3); for the National Army, a U. S. with a 
N. A. superimposed on it (Plate 2); for the National 
Guard, drafted into the Federal Service, a U. S. 
with a N. G. superimposed on it (Plate 2); for the 
volunteer army the letters U. S. V.; and for the 
Officers' Reserve Corps and the Enlisted Reserve 
Corps the letters U. S. R. The other ornament sig- 
nifies the arm of the service, department or corps, 
or the insignia of aids, chiefs of staff and chaplains. 
Chaplains wear the silver latin cross on all uniforms. 

Officers serving by appointment or under commis- 
sion in another subdivision of the Army than that 
in which they hold permanent commissions wear the 
monogramic letters of that subdivision of the Army 
in which they hold permanent commissions, and the 
insignia of the new rank and the insignia of the corps, 
department, or arm of service in which commissioned 
at the time. 

When the shirt is worn without the coat, the in- 
signia of rank worn on the collar of the shirt is as 
follows : 

Regular Service 

Major General of the Line, On both sides, in the 
middle of the collar, the letters '' U. S." and two 
stars, points up. 

Brigadier General of the Line. Same as for major 
general, but with only one star on each side. 



PLATE III 

UNITED STATES ARMY 

Officers' Collar Ornaments 



USL 









Quartermaster Medical 
Corps Corps 



Ordnance 
Department 



^fx 

tw 



Signal 
Corps 



^ 



All Officers of 


General Staff 


Adjutant 


Inspector 


Judge 


Regular 


Corps 


General's 


General's 


Advocate 


Army 




Department 


Department 


General's 
Department 




Corps of 
Engineers 




^ Corps of 
Engineers, 
, Adjutant 




Corps of 

Engineers, 

Quartermaster 




Aids to 

Lieutenant 

General 




Aids to 

Major 

General 




Aids to 

Brigadier 

General 




Cavalry 




Cavalry, Adjutant 




Cavalry, 
Quartermaster 





Field Artillery 



Field Artillery, Adjutant 

88 




Field Artillery, 
Quartermaster 



PLATE IV 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Officers' Collar Ornaments 




Coast Artillery, 
Quartermaster 




Coast Artillery 




Coast Artillery, 
Adjutant 




Infantry, Porto Rico 
Regiment 




Infantry, Philippine 
Scouts 




Infantry 




Infantry, Adjutant 





Infantry, 
Quartermaster 



Chaplain 




Sanitary 
Corps 




Machine Gun 
Battalion 






Corps of 
Interpreters 



Dental Surgeon Dental Corps 



if 





Senior Military 
Aviator 






Junior Military 
Aviator 

89 





Aviator 
Observer 



90 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

For General Officers of Staff Corps or Departments. 

Substitute for the letters ''U. S." on the left side the 
proper device. 

Colonel. On the right side in the middle of the 
collar, the letters '^U. S." and an eagle, beak to the 
front. On the left side, the insignia of corps, depart- 
ment, or arm of service. 

Lieutenant Colonel. On the right side, the letters 
"U. S." and a silver oak leaf, point up. On the left 
side, the insignia of corps, department, or arm of 
service. 

Major. Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting 
^'a gold oak leaf"). 

Captain. Same as lieutenant colonel (substituting 
'Hwo silver bars"). 

First Lieutenant. Same as lieutenant colonel (sub- 
stituting ''one silver bar"). 

Second Lieutenant. On the right side, the letters 
*'U. S." On the left side, the insignia of corps, de- 
partment, or arm of service. 

General Staff Officers, Chiefs of Staff, Aids, and 
Chaplains. Substitute on the left side of the collar 
the proper device in place of the insignia of corps, de- 
partment, or arm of the service. 

Drafted National Guard Service 

Same as for officers of the regular service, except 
that the letters "N. G." superimposed on letters 
'^U. S." are substituted for the letters ''U. S." 



UNITED STATES ARMY UNIFORMS 91 

Volunteers of Officers' Reserve Corps 

Same as for officers of the regular service, except 
that the letters ''U. S. V." or "U. S. R." are substi- 
tuted for the letters ''U. S." 

National Army Service 

Same as for officers of the regular service, except 
that the letters ''N. A." superimposed on letters 
''U. S." are substituted for the letters ''U. S. '' 

Note. For insignia of officers serving by appoint- 
ment or under commission in another subdivision of 
the Army than that in which they hold permanent 
commissions, see above. 

Enlisted Men 

Enlisted men wear the button insignia on the ser- 
vice coat, the button with the letters "U. S.," ''U. S. V./' 
"U. S. R.," ''U. S." with "N. G." superimposed, and 
*'U. S." with ''N. A." superimposed, being worn 
on the right side of the collar, and the button with 
the corps, department, or regiment and company on 
the left side. (Plate 9.) 

. The letters ''U. S.,'' ''U. S. V.," "U. S. R., '^U. S.'^ 
with ^'N. G." superimposed and ^'U. S." with ^'N. A." 
superimposed, and the insignia of corps, department, 
or arm of service are worn on the dress and the white 
coats and are placed as in the case of officers. 

When the shirt is worn without the coat the button 
insignia is worn on the collar. 

The rank of non-commissioned officers ("non-coms") 



PLATE V 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 




BAND LEADER OF CAV- 
ALRt FIELD A,«DCO<^ST 
ARTILLERY, ENGINEERS 
AHOINFAHTRY 




SQUADRON 5ARGEANT MAJOR 
OF CAVALRY. SATTAUON SER- 
GEANT MAJOR OF ENGINEERS 
FIELD ARTILLERY & INFANTRY 
AMD 5ER6EANT MAJOR- JUNIOR 
GRADE OF COAST ARTILLERY 





COLOR SERGEANT 
OF CAVALRV FIELD 
ARTILLERY AND 
IMFANTRY 



SERGEAMT BUGLER OF CAV- 
ALRY. Fl ELD AND COAST 
ARTILLER-Y 




AS ST. BAND LEADER OF 
ENGINEERS. CAVALRY, 
FIELD AND COAST ARTILLERY 
ANDOFmFAWTRY 






BATTALION SUPPL-Y 

SERGEANT OF 

ENGINEERS AND FIELD 

ARTILLERY 



FIRST SERGEANT OF ENG- 
INEERS.FIELD AND COAST 
ARTILLERY. INFANTRY, ARMY 
SERVICE DETACHMENT OF 
THE US.MA. WEST POINT, 
N.Y. AND WEST POINT BAND 



DRUM MAJOR OF ENGINEERS. 
CAVALRY. FIELD AND COAST 
ARTILLERY. INFANTRY AND 
WEST POINT BAND 




SAR6EANT OF ENGINEERS. 
CAVALRY. FIELD ANDCOAST 
ARTILLERY. INFANTRY. ARMY 
SERVICE DETACHMENT OF 
THE U.S.M.A. WEST POINT 
NY AND WEST POINT BAND 




TROOP 
SUPPLY SERGEANT 
OF CAVALRY. COMPANY 
QUARTERMASTER 5ER- 
GEANTOF ENGINEERS. 
FIELD AND COAST ART- 
ILLERY AND INFANTRY 




CORPORAL 
OF EtSGlNEERS. FIELD AND 
COAST ARTILLERY, INFANTRY, 
ARMY SERVICE DETACHMENT 
OF THE U.S.MA.,WEST POINT, N.f. 
AND WEST POINT BAND 




COOK OF ENGINEERS 
SIGNAL CORPS.CAVALRY. 
COAST AND FIELD ART- 
ILLERV.INFANTRY.AND 
ARMY SERVICE DETACH- 
MENT OF THE U.S.M.A. 
V<EST POINT, NY^ 




SADDLER OF CAV- 
ALRY. FIELD ART- 
ILLERY AND ARMY 
SERVICE DETACH- 
MENT OF THE U.S. 
M.A. WEST POINT 
N.V. 





FARRIER AND BUCKSMlTH 
OF CAVALRY, FIELD ARTILLERY 
AND ARMY SERVICE DETACH - 
OF THE U.S.M.A..WEST POINT 
N.Y. 



ARTIFICER OF INFANTRY 8t 
ARMY SERVICE DETACH- 
MENT OFTHEU.S.M.A.WEST 
POINT, NY. 






CHIEF MECHANIC 
FIELD ARTILLERY 



MECHANIC OF FIELD. 
AND COAST ARTILLERY 



1ST CLASS PRIVATE 
ENGINEERS 



92 



PLATE VI 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Enlisted Men's Chevrons and Specialty Marks 







MASTER ELECTRICIAN 
COAST ARTILLERY 



ENGINEER 

COAST 
ARTILLERV 



ELECTRICIAN SAROEANT ELECTRICIAN 
FIRST CLASS SARGEANT 

COAST ARTILLERY SECOND CLASS 

COAST ARTILLERV 






MASTER GUNNER 
COAST ARTILLERV 



FIREMAN 
COAST ARTILLERV 



CASEMATE 
ELECTRICIAN 
COAST ARTILLERY 




OBSERVER 
FIRST CLASS 
AND PLOTTER 
COAST ARTILLERY 







OBSERVER 
SECOND CLASS 
COAST ARTILLERY 



CHIEF PLAMTER 
AND CHIEF 
LOADER 

COAST ARTILLERY 



GUN 

COMMANDER 

COAST ARTILLERY 



Gun POINTER 
COAST ARTILLERY 







FIRST CLASS SECOND CLASS FIRST CLASS 

GUNNER GUNNER GUNNER 

GUN AND MORTOR CO. GUN AND MORTAR MINE COMPANY 

COAST ARTILLERY CO. COAST ARTILLERY 

COAST ARTILLERY ^"'^^"^'^"LLLRI 



SECOND CLASS 

GUNNER 
MINE COMPANY 
COAST ARTILLERY 



93 



PLATE Vn 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Enlisted Men's Specialty Marks and Chevrons 







ORDNANCE 
SERGEANT 



SERGEANT 
OF ORDNANCE 



CORPORAL OF 
ORDNANCE 



LANCE CORPORAL 
OF ORDNANCE 




FIRST CLASS PRIVATE ^^^^^^^ 
OF ORDNANCE 




SERGE^NT, 1ST CLASS 
MASTER SERGEANT MEDICAL CORPS 





SERGEANT 
HOSPITAL CORPS 



. CORPORAL 
HOSPITAL CORPS' 



PRIVATE, 1ST CLASS 
HOSPITAL CORPS 







MASTER SIGNAL 
ELECTRICIAN 



FIRST CLASS 
SIGNAL SERGEANT 



SERGEANT 
SIGNAL CORPS 



CORPORAL 
SIGNAL CORPS 



PRIVATE 
SIGNAL CORPS 





REGIMENT^L SUPPLY 
5ERG E^MT F C AV ALRV. Fl ELD 
ARTILLERY 8lINFANTR1 

94 



REGIMENTAL SERGEANT 
MAJOR OF CAVALRY, FIELD 
ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY. 
AND SERGEANT MAJOR, 
KNIORGRADE OF COAST 
ARTILLERY 



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96 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

is shown by the chevron worn on the upper part of 
the right sleeve. (Plates 5, 6, and 7.) These chevrons 
are olive-drab on the field uniform. On other uni- 
forms they are of various colors, depending on the 
uniform and the arm of the service to which they 
belong. Specialty marks worn with the chevrons in- 
dicate the particular duty the non-commissioned 
officer performs. Distinguishing marks are worn by 
privates and " Non-coms " to indicate some partic- 
ular accomplishment, as, for instance, a cook, or a 
gun pointer. (Plates 5 and 6.) Diagonal " service " 
stripes are worn on lower part of each sleeve. 

Army field clerks, and field clerks, quartermaster 
corps, wear a hat cord of black and white strands, -a 
bronze button insignia *'U. S." and another bronze 
button, encircling two crossed quill pens, on both 
sides of collar. 

The collar ornament of the Flying Corps consists 
of the cross of the signal corps. 

Aviator observers wear on their left breast a single- 
wing, silver-embroidered shield with U. S. in center 
of shield. Junior military aviators wear on left breast 
a silver-embroidered, double-wing shield, with U. S. 
in center of shield. 

Senior military aviators wear on left breast a silver- 
embroidered, double- wing shield with U. S. in center 
and star above. (See Plate 4.) 

Dark blue is the color for designating all general 
officers (excepting Quartermaster General, and Brig- 
adier Generals of the Quartermaster Department), the 



PLATE IX 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Enlisted Men's Collar Devices 







REGULAR ARMY NATIONAL ARMY NATIONAL GUARD RESERVES 

ARMY DEVICES- WORN ON RIGHT SIDE OF COLLAR 





CAVALRY 



ARTILLERY 




INFANTRY 




ENGINEER 




CORPS 




OUARTLRi'.ASTERS 
CORPS 




ORDNANCE 




MEDICAL 
DEPT. 




ELECTRICIAN 




WEST POINT 





MILITARY WESTPOINTLAW 

ACADEMY SCHOOL DETACHMENT 




PORTO RICO 
REGIMENT 




PHILLIPINE 
SCOUTS 




GUARD 




RECRUITING 
SERVICE 




BANDSMAN 






CORPS OF CORPS OF MACHINE GUN 

INTERPRETERS INTELLIGENCE BATTALION 

POLICE 

CORPS DEVICES- WORN ON LEFT SIDE OF COLLAR 



97 



98 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Adjutants-General's Department, Inspector-General's 
Department and Judge Advocate-General's Depart- 
ment. The colors for the other departments are readily 
distinguishable on Plate 10. 

During the time of war the full dress and dress uni- 
forms are not worn. General officers (except chief of 
coast artillery, chief of engineers, Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral, brigadier-generals of the Quartermaster's Corps); 
Officers below the rank of Brigadier-General, holding 
permanent appointments in the staff corps and depart- 
ments, and Chaplains (except Quartermaster, Engi- 
neer, Medical and Signal Corps), wear dark blue dress 
trousers without stripes. 

Chief of the Coast Artillery, Chief of Engineers, 
Quartermaster-General, brigadier-generals of the Quar- 
termaster Corps, Officers of the Engineer Corps, Medi- 
cal Corps, and those holding permanent appointments 
in the Quartermaster Corps and Signal Corps wear 
dark blue trousers with broad stripes (1| in.) of the 
color of the branch of the service. 

Officers of the Cavalry, Artillery and Infantry wear 
sky blue dress trousers with stripes of the color of the 
branch of the service, except Infantry, which uses white. 

Stripes of the color designating the branch of the 
service are worn by enlisted men on their dress trousers, 
again excepting the infantry, which uses a white stripe, 
sergeants using a broad stripe, (IJ in.) corporals a 
narrow stripe (| in.) and musicians and trumpeters 
two white stripes. 

Flags are used in the Army for various designations, 




PLATE X 

COLORS OF THE BRANCHES 
^t— OF THE SERVICE— > 



GENERAL 
OFFICERS 



ARMY FLAGS AND SIGNALS CAVALRY 




INFANTRY 'field army ''infantrv div. "cavalrv div: 

HEAO(iUARTERS HEADQUARTERS HEADQUARTERS 





MlNFANTRV RRIfiAfl 



ENGINEERS ''infantry brisaoeIi cavalry brigade 






QUARTERMASTER 'co«PS*suwr«AiN trains^«^distrib. 




3 



MEDICALCORPS 
(ENLISTED MEN) 



CORPS 




CHAPLAINS _ GUIDON 




" CAVALRr I artillerV 

^ GUIDON GUIDON 



'hOSPITAL.HOSP. TRAIN, SIGNAL 
FIELD AMB. DRESSING STATN CORPS 





"SIGNAL CORPS —OCT 
GUIDON '^''tl 

DEPARTMENT 



P 




FIELD TELEGRAPH " FIELD 
GUIDON AND TELEPHONE POSTOFFlCE 

ORDNANCE SERVICE SCHOOL 

DEPARTMENT COMPANY FLAGS DETACHMENT 






COMPANY A, ''COMPANY C. ' COMPANY E "COMpInY G. 




■ ^... R lirnMPAWY 




._ I. MCOMPANY L 

MCOMPANY H. IIcOMPAWY K I ICOMPANY h 



COMPANY B. "COMPANY D. COMPANY F. MCOMPANY H. McOMPANY K. I ICOMPANY M 




DRESS 

TROUSERS 

STRIPES 



FOR OFFICERS 



Bni 

FOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS, 
TRUMPETERS, ETC. 



100 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

and Plate 10 shows a number that are in common use. 
On the flag designating Infantry Brigade Headquarters, 
the division number is given above and brigade number 
below. The same is true of the Cavalry Brigade Head- 
quarters flag. The flag used to designate a field hos- 
pital is similar in design although somewhat larger than 
that used by field ambulances, hospital trains, regi- 
mental hospitals and dressing stations. On the cavalry 
guidon the regimental number is shown above and the 
troop letter below. The regimental number is also 
shown above, and battery letter below, on the artillery 
guidon; and the signal corps guidon carries a desig- 
nation of the corps with the company letter above. 

When Infantry regiments are in camp the company 
flag is usually flown at the head of each street. Com- 
panies in the first battahon have a flag which carries 
a red field, while for the second battalion the field is 
white, and a blue field is used to designate companies 
in the third battahon. 



CHAPTER XXI 
UNITED STATES 

Navy Uniforms 

The necessity for ''protective coloration" does not 
apply to the Navy. Here the ship, and not the man, 
is the target. The personnel of the world's navies 
still wear blue, or white, depending upon the climatic 
conditions. Aviators wear " khaki " or " olive-drab " 
uniforms with brass button and shoulder marks, 
khaki-covered caps, and puttees or leggins. A gold 
insignia is worn on left breast, consisting of a winged 
foul anchor with a shield on the shank of the anchor. 
(Plate 17.) 

Gold '4ace," as it is called, is the principal distinguish- 
ing mark of rank for commissioned officers, worn upon 
the sleeves of the blue uniforms and on shoulder-straps 
of the white uniform or overcoat. 

An arrangement of stripes, varying in width and 
number, with either a ''star" or colored cloth to 
distinguish the various branches, signifies the rank 
of an officer. 

This system is closely followed in nearly all foreign 
navies, a "curl" instead of the star being used in 
most navies. 

The star above the stripes signifies a line officer. 

101 



PLATE XI 

UNITED STATES NAVY 

Shoulder Marks worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats 
LINE OFFICERS 




ADMIRAL OF 
THE NAVY 





ADMIRAL 



VICE 
ADMIRAL 




REAR 
ADMIRAL 




CAPTAIN 





COMMANDER 



LIEUT COMMANDER 




LIEUTENANT 




LIEUTENANT <J.6.> 

102 




ENSIGN 



PLATE XII 

UNITED STATES NAVY 



Shoulder Marks worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats 
PAYMASTERS CORPS 




PAY DIRECTOR RAMKCF PAY DIRECTOR RA^^KO^ PATiNSPECToTTAmr^F Pi,MA'jTLP PPMK OF PAST PATMASTEPOR Aj^TVA'f- PAbT PAYMASTER OR5S5T A*j".T PAVMi^TEO Rftfir ot 

MASTER RANKOF . PAYMASTER RANK OF rN^If-itl 

LIEUTENMST LIEUTENANT (J.G) <^"^'^'' 



REAR ADMIRAL 



CAPTAIN 



COMMANDER LIEUT, COMMANDER 



MEDICAL CORPS 



DENTAL CORPS 




MEOIUL DIRECTOR RANK OF MEDICAL DIRECTOR RAMKOF MEDICAL mSPECTOfi.RANK SORGEON. RANk OF PASSED ASST SURGEON ASST SUPCE^M RANK OF 



REAR ADMIRAL CAPTAIN cOMMa"nDER LIEUT COMMANDER Ll^y^^^^^^y LIEUTENANT U.G.) surgeon ramk or 



LIEUTENANT <J.G.) 



NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS CORPS 




RANK, OF 

REAR ADMIRAL 



RANK OF RANK OF RANK OF ASST r 

COMMANDER LIEUT COMMANDER LIEUTENANT =-■ ■' -^ , ' 

- LlEUTin,A;iTU,0,) 



CIVIL ENGINEERS CORPS 




RAT^K OF RANK OF 

REAR ADMIRAL CAPTAIN 




RANK OF RANK OF RANK OF ASST CIVIL ENGINEtR ASSTClvrLTNSifirER 

COMMANDER LIEUT COMMANDER LIEUTENANT rank of rank of 

LIEUTENANT(J,G,) ENSIGN 



103 



PLATE XIII 

UNITED STATES NAVY 



Shoulder Marks worn on White Uniforms and Overcoats. 
PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS 






RANK OF 

COMMANDER 



R^NK OF 

LIEUTCOMMANDER 




RANK OF 

UEUTEMANT 



CHAPLMNS 




RiNK OF 

COMMANDER 



RANK OF RANK OF 

LIEUTCOMMANDER LIEUTENANT 



RANK OF 

LIEUTENANT (J, G.) 




CHIEF 
BOATSWAIN 



CHIEF 
GUNNER 



CHIEF CHIEF CHIEF 

MACHINIST CARPENTER PAY CLERK 
WARRANT OFFICERS 



CHIEF 
SAILMAKER 



CHIEF 
PHARMACIST 




BOATSWAIN GUNNER MACHINIST CARPENTER PAY CLERK SAILMAKER PHARMACIST 



104 



UNITED STATES NAVY UNIFORMS 105 

Colored cloth between the stripes signifies a staff 
officer. 

The shoulder-straps are utilized for displaying the 
device indicative of an officer's rank and the branch 
of the service to which he belongs, when he has on the 
white or summer uniform, or the winter overcoat. 
(Plates 11, 12, and 13.) 

An officer's rank and the branch of the service to 
which he belongs, is indicated on all other uniforms 
by the device worn on the cuffs of the blue blouse 
and the collar device. (Plates 14, 15, and 16.) 

The collar device includes the rank device and the 
corps device, the corps device being nearest the front. 
(Plate 17.) The corps device for all line officers is 
the silver foul anchor; for medical officers, a silver 
acorn leaf embroidered upon a gold spread oak leaf; 
for pay officers, a silver oak sprig of three leaves 
and three acorns; for professors of mathematics, a 
silver oak leaf and an acorn; for naval constructors 
a gold sprig of two live-oak leaves and an acorn; 
for civil engineers, two crossed silver sprigs, each of 
two live-oak leaves and an acorn; medical reserve 
officers, a gold acorn leaf embroidered upon a silver 
spread oak leaf; and for dental officers, a gold spread 
oak leaf with a silver acorn on either side of stem. 

The rank device is as follows: Admiral of the 
Navy, four silver stars, two surcharged on gold foul 
anchors; Admiral, four silver stars, but only one anchor; 
Vice Admiral, three silver stars ; Rear Admiral, two 
silver stars; Captain, a silver spread eagle; Com- 



106 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

mander, a silver oak leaf; Lieutenant Commander, 
a gold oak leaf; Lieutenant, two silver bars; Lieu- 
tenant (junior grade), one silver bar; Ensign, has only 
the corps device on the collar; Midshipmen wear a 
gold foul anchor on the collar. 

For all commissioned officers, up to and including 
Captain, exclusive of Chief Warrant Officers, the 
device on the shoulder-straps is a replica of the device 
worn on the cuffs of the blue blouse. 

The cape worn by the various corps and ranks are 
shown in Plate 20. 

The insignia of rank of the Chief Petty Officer 
(Plate 19) is worn on the left sleeve above the elbow, 
while diagonal " service " stripes (each stripe repre- 
senting four years' service) are worn on the lower 
part of the same sleeve. A gold foul anchor, with a 
silver U. S. N. on shank, is worn on a blue or white 
cap similar in shape to the officers' cap. 

As in the Army, the class of petty officers is indi- 
cated by the number of chevrons, and his particular 
branch by the specialty marks. (Plates 18 and 19.) 

All enlisted men below the rank of chief petty officer 
wear a ribbon on the cap with the name of the ship 
to which he is attached. 

Distinguishing marks are worn by seamen and 
petty officers to indicate some particular accomplish- 
ment or knowledge. For instance, a seaman gunner's 
mark indicates that a man has graduated at the 
Seaman Gunner School; a Navy ''E" indicates that 
a man is a member of a turret, gun, or torpedo crew 



PLATE XIV 
UNITED STATES NAVY 

Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 
LINE OFFICERS 




ADMIRAL OF THE NAVY 




ADMIRAL 




lllllllllll 111 1 
illllillllllllililiillllilll 




VICE ADMIRAL 



REAR ADMIRAL 




CAPTAIN 



COMMANDER 







LIEUT COMMANDER LIEUTENANT LIEUTENANTO.G.) ENSIGN 

LINE OFFICERS STAFF OFFICERS LINE OFFICERS 




MIDSHIPMAN i*^CLASS CHIEF BOATSWAIN 
" 2-» CLASS- ZSTRIPtS CHIEF GUNNER 

:: l^n : ^i : chief machinist 




CHIEF CARPENTER 
CHIEF SAILMAKER 
CHIEF PHARMACIST 




BOATSWAIN 

GUNNER 

MACHINIST 

MATE 



PLATE XV 

UNITED STATES NAVY 




Insignia of Ronk on Cuffs 
PAYMASTERS CORPS - 




PAY DlRECTOR.RltlKOf Pny DIRECTOR. R*HKOF 
REAR ADMIRA.L CAPTAIN 

-PAYMASTERS CORPS 



PdYINSPtCTOR.RAtlKOF 

COMMANDER 



PAYMASTER. RAnKOF 

LIEUT COMMANDER 




PAYMASTtROR PA5TA5ST. 
PAYMASTER RANK OF 

LIEUTENAMT 




MEDICAL CORPS 



PA4TASST PAYKASTIRORASST. 
PAYMASTER RANK OF 

UEUTEMANT(J.6.) 



ASST nHYMASTER. RANKOF 

EMSIGN 




MEDICAL OIRECTDR. RANK OF 

REAR ADMIRAL 




MEOICAU DIRECTOR. RAMK OF 
CAPTAIN 



-MEDICAL CORPS 





MEDICAL INSPECTOR, RAKK OF 

COMMANDER 



SUROEON RANK OF 

LIEUT COMMANDER 



Past ASsrsuRGEOn 

RANK OF 

LIEUTENANT 



ASST SURGCOM 
BANK OF 

LIEUTENANTUG.) 



NAVAL COHSTRUCTDR.RABKOf 

REAR ADMIRAL 




CONSTRUCTORS CORPS 



N HYM. COHSTR UCTDR, RAM K »F 

CAPTAIN 



NAMAL CONSTRUCTOR. RUIK OF 

COMMANDER 




MPMAL CONSTRUCTOR. RANI Of 

LIEAJT COMMANDER 




NAVAL CON STRUCTORRANKOf 

LIEUTENANT 



ASST NAVAL CONSTUCTOR. RANKOF 

UtUTENANTO.G.) 



108 



PLATE XVI 
UNITED STATES NAVY 



Insignia of Rank on Cuf'Vs 
CIVIL ENGINEER CORPS 


















Wl'lililflflfi'i'li'iiii 














Sii 






iiiiiiillll 














Lllllllllll 









RANK OF 

REAR ADMIRAL 



R A,MK OF 

CAPTAIN 



RANK OF 

COMMANDER 



RANK OF 

LIEUT. COMMANDER 





RANK OF 

LIEUTENANT 



ASST.ENOR. RAMK OF 

LIEUTENANT<J,G.) 



AS5T EMG RANK OF 

ENSIGN 



PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS 




RANK OF 

CAPTAIN 



iiniiiiiimiininiiiiiiinii 



[llimiUIUlliKliltiiriiimu 



RANK OF 

COMMANDER 




RANK OF 

LIEUT. COMMANDER 




RANK OF 

LIEUTENANT 



CHAPLAINS 




Rank of 
CAPTAIN 



Rank of 
COMMANDER 



Rank of 
LIEUT. COMMANDER 



rank of 
LIEUTENANT 



rank of 
LIEUTENANT (J.G.> 



109 



PLATE XVII 

UNITED STATES NAVY 
Rank and Corps Devices 




Admiral of the Navy 





Admiral 



Vice Admiral 



J5^^i) fC ^^ 



Rear Admiral 




Captain 




Commander 




Qb^D 




Lieutenant Commander 



Lieutenant 




Lieutenant (Junior Grade) 




Ensign 




Midshipman 




U.S.Navy Button 




Medical Corps 




Civil Engineers 




Medical Reserve 




Dental Corps 






Pay Corps 



Professors of Naval Constructors 
Mathematics 




Chaplains 



Naval Ofticer-Aviator 

Insignia worn on Left Breast 




Chief Pay Clerk 
& Pay Clerk 







Chief Boatswain Chief Gunner Chief Machinist 

Boatsit'ain. Gunner, and Mtichinisl wear corresponding insig>uu as. 
Chiefs but the devices are in gold the surcharged stars in silver 






Chief Carpenter 



Chief Sailmaker 



Mate 



Chief Pharmacist' 



Carpenter. Suilmaher. and Pharmacist wear Insignia 
correspvnding to Chiefs but in Gold instead of Silver 



110 



PLATE XVIII 

UNITED STATES NAVY 
Specialty Marks 








Master-atArms 



Boatswains' Mate 
Coxswain 



Signalman Blacksmith, Shipfittsr, Turret Captain 

Molder 








Shipwright. Painter, , 

Carpenter's Mate, Plumber Gunner S Mate 
& Fitter. Pattern IVIaker 



Storekeeper 



Yeoman Sailmaker's Mate 




MA 



"'"I'BWIHHW 



Printer 






Electrician Machin,sfsMate,0,ler, Bo.ler HOSpital CorpS 

maker. Water Tender, Coppersmith, '^ 

Special Mechanic. Engineman 



Musician 







Commissary. Seaman Gunner Radio Operator 
Steward 






Gun Captain 



Gun Pointer 
U. S. Marine Corps 




Torpedoman 



Cook 
Baker 



„ . Over Gun Pofnter 

tx-apprentice Mark, equals Navy E 

Gun Pointer First Class 




Gun Pointer 






Bugler 



Expert Rifleman 



Enlisted Men 
Naval Militia 



Quartermaster, Aviation Corps 




Carpenter, Aviation Corps 



Drummer 
U. S. Mari"i? Corps Machinist, Aviation Corps 



111 




PLATE XIX 
UNITED STATES NAVY 



Cap Device 
Chief Petty Officer 





Chief Master-at-Arms 



Boatswain's Mate First Class 




The number of Chevrons 
Indicates the class of Petty 
Officer. The distinguishing 
marh aboue the Chevrons in- 
dicates the particular branch 
to which the Petty Officer be- 
longs. 




Gunner's Mate Second Class 



Quartermaster Third Class 




112 





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$o 



PLATE XX 

UNITED STATES NAVY 
Hats and Caps Worn by Officers 




oo X z:<-"^ 

:Qoa5^ou 

<<:xljj2 
2:si-q:i- 




CDO 








114 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

that has made exceptionally high scores on record 
target practice. 

United States — Naval MilItia 

The uniforms for officers and enlisted men of the 
Naval Militia is the same as for the corresponding 
grades, ranks and rates of officers and enlisted men of 
the regular Navy, with the following exceptions: 

The insignia of rank of line officers, has around the 
gold star a circle embroidered in gold. (Plate 21.) 

The insignia of rank of staff officers has the colored 
cloth which designates the corps broken for a distance 
of IJ inches either between the gold stripes, where 
there are two or more, or on each side where there 
is but one gold stripe. 

The insignia of rank of Chief Warrant and Warrant 
Officers has around the gold star or corps device a 
circle embroidered in gold. 

Enlisted men wear below the opening in the center 
of the front of the blouse a white-embroidered foul 
anchor inside of a white-embroidered diamond shape. 

Cap ribbons of the enlisted men bear the name of 
the ship assigned the Naval Militia with the Naval 
Militia distinguishing mark (foul anchor in diamond 
shape) on either side. 

United States — Naval Reserve 

The uniform for officers and enlisted men of the 
Naval Reserve is the same as for the correspond- 
ing grades, ranks and rates of officers and enlisted 



PLATE XXI 
UNITED STATES NAVAL MILITIA 





ENSIGN 



CAPTAIN 




Shoulder Straps 






CAPTAIN COMMANDER LIEUT. LIEUTENANT LIEUTENANT 

COMMANDER (J.O.) 




ASST. SUROEON ASST PAYMASTER 

RANK OF RANK OF 

UEUTENANT(J.G.) LIEUTENANTO 0) 




CHIEF 
CARPENTER 




MACHINIST 




Insignio of Rank on Cuffs 




COMMANDER 





illliiliiiillii!iiillllillil''llil 




LIEUT. 
COMMANDER 




LIEUTENANT 




UEUTENANT(J.G.) 



ENSIGN 




ASST SURGEON RANK OF 

LIEUTEH^NT<J.6.> 



CHIEF GUNNER 



115 



116 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

men of the regular Navy, with the following excep- 
tions: ^ 

With the white uniforms, officers wear the Naval 
Reserve brass buttons (Plate 19). With the blue 
uniforms, the Naval Reserve device, made of metal 
(Plate 19), is worn on the collar in lieu of the corps 
device. 

The cap ribbon of the enlisted men bears the words 
"U. S. Naval Reserve Force." 

Officers of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve, in time 
of war, wear the uniform of the steamship company 
or line on which serving, with the Naval Reserve 
device on the collar of a military coat or on the lapels 
of a box coat. 

Enlisted men of the Naval Auxiliary Reserve wear 
the same uniform as that of the Navy with the cap 
ribbon as described above. 

United States — Marine Corps 

The insignia of rank of the officers of the Marine 
Corps corresponds with the relative rank of the offi- 
cers of the army (Plate 22) with the exception of 
that of Colonel, and is worn in the same manner on 
the shoulder loops. 

The corps device (Plate 23) is worn on the front 
on the cap and on either side of the collar of the 
coat. 

The field hats are similar to those of the Army. 
The hat cord worn by officers is of gold and scarlet 
with ends finished with gold and scarlet acorns. En- 



PLATE XXII 

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 
Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Loops 





LIEUT. GENERAL 




COLONEL 






MAJOR GENERKL 



BRIGADIER GENERAL 




LIEUT. COLONEL 




^ 



MKRINE 

CORPS 

BUTTON 




MAJOR 




CAPTAIN 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 



SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 



118 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

listed men wear no hat cord, but only a band of 
ribbed silk ribbon of the same color as the hat. The 
corps device of dull finished bronze is worn by officers 
and men on the front of the hat. Enlisted men also 
wear under the corps device the company numerals. 

The departmental devices (Plate 23) if worn, is 
placed on the collar of the coat to the rear of the 
corps device. 

The insignia of rank and departmental and aid- 
de-camp devices in dull bronze finish, are worn on 
the shoulder straps of the overcoat, the departmental 
or aid-de-camp devices, if worn, being nearest the 
collar. 

The insignia of rank of Quartermaster Clerks is 
the same as the Quartermaster departmental device 
with the exception of having a silver wheel in lieu 
of a gold wheel. 

The device of the marine gunner consists of a burst- 
ing spherical shell made of silver. 

The rank of the non-commissioned officers is shown 
by the chevron worn on both arms (corresponding to 
the Army) (Plate 23). 

Service stripes corresponding to those in the Navy 
are also worn on both arms. 

United States — Coast Guard 

The insignia of rank of the Coast Guard is similar 
to that of the Navy. Shoulder marks are worn with 
white uniforms and sleeve stripes on all other uni- 



PLATE XXIII 

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD, LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE 

AND MARINE CORPS 



Insignia of Rank on Cuffs LIGHTHOUSE SERVICE 





CAPTAIN 




ruie-c- trwriMiriro ki scTcn r^c -rc-KirM-n f I RST OFFICER. ENG- SECOND OFFICER FIRST 
CHIEF ENGINEER MASTER OF TENDER INEER OF TEMDER ASSTENon OF TENDER 

MASTER OFLIGHTVESSa FIRST MATE OF LIGHTVESSg 




CAP ORNAMENT 



THIRD OFFICER. SECOND 
ASSTENG'R. OF TENDER 
SECOND MATE OF LIGHT- 
VESSEL. ASSTENGR. OF 
LIGHTVES5EL 





COLLAR DEVICES 
DECK OFFICERS ENGIMEER OFFICERS 






C^P DEVICE FOR (•» COMMISSIONED 

OFFICERS OF THE U5. COAST GUARD 





US COAST GUARD 
WARRANT OFFICER CHIEF PETTY 
CAP DEVICE OFFICER 
CAP DEVICE 



CAP DEVICE 



CORPS DEVICE 
ON COLLAR 







AIDS DECAMP ^Ea^oIfs^DEVx." ^^^^^^TER QUARTERMASTERS 
DEPARTMENTAL DEVICE WORN ON COLLAR 




US. MARINE OFFICERS CAP 





SERGEANT MAJOR Z^'LEADEROFTHEBAND QUARTERMASTERS SERGEANT Quartermasters SERGEANT DRUM MAJOR 

PAVMASTERS DEPT 





FIRST 5ER6EANT GUNNERY SERGEANT SERGEANT CORPORAL 

Chevrons worn by Non-Commissioned Officers 



119 



PLATE XXIV 
UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 



Shoulder Mor-ks 
■LINE OFFICERS- 




CAPTAIN 
COMMANDANT 



SENIOR 
CAPTAIN 



CAPTAIN 



-ENGINEER 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 
OFFICERS 



SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 



THIRD 
LIEUTENANT 




ENGINEER- CAPTAIN OF FIRST LltUT. THIRD LIEUT. 

IJH- CHIEF ENGINEERS OF ENGINEERS OF ENGINEERS 

Ins'igmo of RonK on Cuffs 
LINE OFFICERS 



SECUND LIEUT 
OF ENGINEERS 



CONSTRUCTOR 








CAPTAIN 
COMMANDANT 



SENIOR 
CAPTAIN 



CAPTAIN 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 



SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 





ENGINEER OFFICERS 




THIRD 
LIEUTENANT 



ENGINEER-IN- 
CHIEF 
Coptoin of Engineers 
has 2j Stripes 



FIRST LIEUT 
OF ENGINEERS 



THIRD LIEUTENANT. 
SECOND LIEUTENA.NT 
hos ij Stnpes OS obove 



CONSTRUCTOR C 



120 



UNITED STATES NAVY UNIFORMS 121 

forms. Line officers wear a gold shield in lieu of the 
star worn by officers of the Regular Navy. Plate 24. 

Engineer officers are not included in the line officers 
in this branch of the service and do not wear the 
shield above the stripes, nor colored cloth between 
the stripes. 

The cap device is shown in Plate 23. 

The collar devices, like the Navy, include the 
rank device and the corps device. 

For Captain Commandant. A silver embroidered 
spread eagle, having in the right talon an olive branch 
and in the left a bundle of arrows; an escutcheon on 
the breast as represented in the ^'Arms of the United 
States"; and the corps device which is a gold-em- 
broidered foul anchor, with a shield embroidered in 
silver on the shank and perpendicular to the crown 
of the anchor. 

For Senior Captains. A silver oak leaf ; corps device 
same as for Captain Commandant. 

For Captains. A gold oak leaf; corps device same 
as for Captain Commandant. 

For First Lieutenants. Two gold bars; corps device 
same as for Captain Commandant. 

For Second Lieutenants. One gold bar; corps 
device same as for Captain Commandant. 

For Third Lieutenants. Corps device only, same 
as for Captain Commandant. 

For Engineer Officers. Same rank devices as are 
prescribed for line officers with whom they rank, with 
a corps device consisting of a gold-embroidered foul 



122 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

anchor, with four oak leaves embroidered in silver 
on the shank. 

For Constructors. Same rank device as prescribed 
for first heutenants ; corps device, a branch of oak 
leaves in silver crossing a gold-embroidered foul anchor 
at an angle of forty-five degrees, stem toward the 
stock of the anchor, in proportion. 

Rating badges similar to those in the Navy are 
worn by all petty officers on the sleeve midway be- 
tween the shoulder and elbow. 

The specialty marks are the same as those used 
in the Navy with the exception of that for a master- 
at-arms, which in the Coast Guard is a shield. 

United States — Light House Service 

In the light house service, the insignia of rank is 
designated by black, mohair braid stripes on the blue 
coat and white braid stripes on the white coat. A gold- 
embroidered anchor is worn on each side of the collar 
of the blue coat by deck officers, and a gold-embroid- 
ered propeller by engineer officers. Plate 23. 

The petty officers consist of quartermasters, with a 
steering wheel of white thread as a sleeve ornament; 
machinists, with a propeller of red thread as a sleeve 
ornament; clerk, with a quill of gold as a sleeve 
ornament, and radio operator, with a represen- 
tation of forked lightning, of gold, as a sleeve orna- 
ment. 



PLATE XXV 
UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 

Shoulder LOOps 






GRADE 1 <SiuvER) GRADE 2 (SilverLeaf) GRADE 4 

I GRADE 3 <G0LD Leaf) 

HYOROGRAPHERS /\AliD GEODETIC /vEMGINEERS 







CAP DEVICE 



CHIEF ENGINEER (UOHTBl.UE> 



suRGEONr <[Af!kmarow> CHIEF EtSGINEERS, SURGEONS. WATCH OFFICERS, MATES and DECK 

''*'^'^u»?7<!'^^''^<DARK BROWN) OFFICERS 

Insignia of Ronk on Cuffs 



MATES 





GRADE 2 



nmminmiuiiiiHiiuiiiw ^^^^I'lniiiiimiiiHiiiiiuininiiiii 






GRADE G 



CHIEF ENGINEERS, SURGEOtSS, WATCH OFFICERS, MATES and DECK 

OFFICERS 




COMMISSIONED OFFICERS CHIEF ENGlHtERS 





WATCH Off ieti« ANOWATt* DECK Of'FKtR^ 

123 



124 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



United States — Coast and Geodetic Survey 

The insignia of rank for white uniforms is worn 
on the shoulder loops similarly to that of the Army. 
On all other uniforms it is worn on the sleeve similarly 
to the Navy. 



CHAPTER XXII 
GREAT BRITAIN 

Army Uniforms 

The new British uniform is of khaki of a Httle 
darker material than our oHve drab. The tunic is 
built like a shooting coat with a fold-over collar, breast 
pockets and very capacious side pockets which are 
intended to carry things in. A colored khaki shirt 
and tie are worn. In the line the insignia of rank 
are usually worn on the cuff of each sleeve. 

General officers, officers of the guard and some of 
the colonial regiments continue to wear the insignia 
on the shoulder straps. 

The insignia are as follows (Plates 26 and 27) : 

General and staff officers may be distinguished by 
the red band around the cap and by the red tabs on 
the lapel of the coat. There is also a certain amount 
of gold braid and embroidery above the cap visor, 
hence the familiar term ''Brass Hat." 

Field Marshal. Crossed batons within a laurel 
wreath, and crown above. 

General. Cross sword and baton, and crown and 
star. 

Lieutenant General. Crossed sword and baton and 
crown. 

125 




PLATE XXVI 
BRITISH ARMY 



CO 



■ 









■ i- 




-^ 




•D 


> 


•■••"•v'v.-/; 


o 




a> 




■".•.*•'.'•• • 


e? 




-QC 


to 


;:V'.':\"."".- 




126 




PLATE XXVn 

BRITISH ARMY 



CO 



o 




CO 



I 




127 



128 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Major General. Crossed sword and baton and star. 

Brigadier General. Crossed swords. 

Colonel. Four stripes or rings and a crown and 
2 stars. 

Lieiitenant Colonel. Three stripes or rings, a crown, 
and a star. 

Major. Three stripes or rings and a crown. 

Captain. Two stripes or rings and 3 stars. 

Lieutenant. One stripe or ring and two stars. 

Second Lieutenant. One stripe or ring and one star. 

Non-Commissioned officers wear chevrons (point 
downwards) on the upper right arm. 

A lance corporal or acting bombardier 1; Corporal 
2; Sergeant 3; Color Sergeant 3 chevrons and crossed 
colors; Staff Sergeant, 4 chevrons. 

On the lower part of the left arm chevrons are 
worn as '^good conduct" badge. 

A sergeant major is dressed as an officer except 
that he has a crown on the lower part of the right 
elbow. There are also badges of proficiency, such 
as crossed rifles for marksmen, a spur for rough- 
riders, etc. 

Corps, departmental, and regimental badges are 
worn on the lapels of the coat. 

Spurs are worn by all field officers including captains 
w^ho are double-company commanders, except undress 
when '^ Slacks" (trousers) are worn instead of breeches 
and boots or puttees. 

The Sam Browne belt is habitually worn except in 
quarter or at mess. 



GREAT BRITAIN 129 

Etiquette in British Army 

The regulations require junior officers to salute 
their seniors; when a party of two or more officers 
receive a salute, only the senior returns it. However, 
all officers acknowledge the salute of officers of an 
allied army. A British officer salutes a foreign allied 
officer of equivalent or senior rank; w^hen there is 
doubt about the rank of the latter he is given the 
benefit of it. British officers are required to be even 
more punctilious about paying compliments to the 
officers of allied armies than they are to their own 
confreres. 

There are no regulations as to the position of senior 
and junior officers when walking together in public. 

An officer newly joining the regiment is not required 
or expected to call sociall}^ on his colonel but merely 
reports officially at the orderly room. 

Navy Uniforms 

The uniform of the British Navy is very similar to 
ours, the ''curl" for the line or Executive Branch 
being used instead of the ''star." 

Until 1915 Engineer Officers came under the Civil 
Branch of the Navy. It now forms part of the Military 
Arm and is reckoned as equal in importance to the 
Executive Branch. 

The insignia of rank includes the "curl" above the 
stripes, but has also a color band of purple between 
the gold stripes. 



PLATE XXVIII 
BRITISH NAVY 









130 



PLATE XXIX 

BRITISH NAVY 








(D 


' ' iTr 


^ 








CD 


:'"^ 'iv. 



o 




5/5 




131 



132 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The Staff or Civil Branch of the service has in lieu 
of the curl, colors to distinguish the officers of the 
various corps. 

The British officers wear a tunic or sack coat instead 
of a blouse as worn by our officers. No collar device 
is worn to denote the rank and corps. 

Red is the distinguishing color of the Medical Branch, 
and in addition to the missing curl, the stars, etc., 
worn by the highest ranks are in gold and silver (another 
detail which as in the case of the anchor of the cap 
badge distinguishes the Non-Military from the Military 
Branch) . 

Paymasters who form what is known as the Ac- 
countants' Branch, are to be recognized by the white 
cloth worn with the gold lace, while Naval Instructors 
wear pale blue. Since April 1916, Chief and Head 
Navy Schoolmasters are entitled to wear a narrow 
stripe of blue cloth on the cuff. 

Carpenter-Lieutenants (with 2 and 2| stripes) have 
the dark blue cloth of the shoulder-strap itself show- 
ing between the lace, but there is no curl as in the 
case of Lieutenant Commander and Lieutenant. 

The foregoing shoulder-straps are also worn on the 
white uniform which forms the customary dress in 
tropical climates. 

When a British Naval officer is wearing the uniform 
Great Coat, the distinction lace upon the cuffs of 
the frock coat or jacket worn beneath is naturally 
hidden, and it is the shoulder-straps which are 
utilized for displaying the device indicative of his 



PLATE XXX 

BRITISH NAVY 










3 




CO 


» 



o 






v. 



y;'4+T--;'"1 




PLATE XXXI 
BRITISH NAVY 




CO 



■ iD 






134 



GREAT BRITAIN 135 

rank and the branch of the service to which he 
belongs. 

If he is an Executive Officer whose rank is between 
that of a Commodore, 2d Class, and that of a Gunner 
or Boatswain this distinction lace is a rephca of the 
device worn on the cuff of the jacket beneath, but in 
the case of Flag Officers (that is, Admirals of the Fleet, 
Admirals, Vice Admirals and Rear Admirals), and also 
Commodores, 1st Class, the device is similar to that 
worn on their epaulettes, and quite distinct from that 
worn on the cuffs of the jacket or frock coat. 

The same exception applies to Engineer Vice Ad- 
mirals, Engineer Rear Admirals, Medical Director 
Generals and Surgeon Generals, and an edging of 
purple cloth in the case of the first three distinguishes 
them from the corresponding ranks in the Executive 
Branch. 



CHAPTER XXIII 
FRANCE 

Army Uniforms 

With the exception of the African troops, who wear 
khaki, the French Army is dressed in a uniform of 
gray blue, helmet or kepi, trousers or pants, puttees, 
and, in cold weather, a tunic or great coat. 

The number of regiment is shown on the collar 
patch (of the same color as the chevron for the active 
army and white for the territorial army). The chev- 
ron on the collar patch as a rule represents the color 
of the collar in the uniform previously worn. 

Staff Officers. The arm band is of dark blue for 
brigade staff officers, red for division staff officers, 
red, blue and white with thunderbolt for corps staff 
officers, and red and white for army staff officers. 

Infantry. The infantry wears the grenade on the 
helmet, yellow trousers piping and dark blue chevron 
on a gray blue patch. 

Chasseurs (Rifles). The uniform for chasseurs 
is the same as that for infantry with the exception 
that they wear a bugle on the helmet and are dressed 
in iron gray instead of blue gray. 

Cavalry. In the cavalry, the piping on the trousers 
is dark blue. Yellow leather gaiters are w^orn and 
the collar patch is of dark blue. The patch for the 

136 



FRANCE 137 

chevrons varies — Cuirassiers have red; Dragoons, 
white; Chasseurs a cheval, green; Hussars, hght blue; 
Chasseurs d'Afrique, yellow shako; Spahis, yellow 
sheshia. 

Artillery. In the artillery the piping is scarlet, 
gaiters are worn. On the helmet is a grenade and 
crossed guns. The chevron in the field artillery is 
of light blue mounted on a scarlet patch; in the colonial 
artillery, it is violet; mountain artillery, white; heavy 
artillery, gray; horse artillery, dark blue; and fort 
artillery, green. 

Engineers. The engineers wear a piping of scarlet 
chevron mounted on a black velvet patch and gaiters. 

Train. The train v/ears a green piping, a red 
chevron mounted on a green patch, and gaiters. 

Medical. Red piping is worn by the Medical Corps. 
The collar patch is of red velvet with a snake and 
red badge. The rank bars are of silver. 

Veterinary. The veterinary service also uses a red 
piping, a red velvet collar patch and rank bars of silver. 

Interpreters, Attached to the British Army. The 
uniform for the service is of khaki kepi with tunic 
and trousers. Officers wear an olive branch badge 
on a dark blue velvet, and the men a sphinx's head 
on a gray blue collar patch. 

Flying Corps. Orange piping is worn in the flying 
corps with an orange chevron on a black collar patch. 

Gendarmerie and Military Police. White piping 
is worn by the Gendarmerie and Military Police with 
a narrow white band to kepi or helmet and white 



138 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

grenade on a black collar patch. They generally 
wear dark blue. 

Zouaves. The Zouaves wear khaki and khaki- 
covered sheshia. The chevrons are of dull red. 

Tirailleurs. The uniform for the Tirailleurs is the 
same as that for the Zouaves with the exception of 
the chevron which is light blue. 

Colonial Infantry. This branch wears the gray blue 
with a chevron of scarlet and an anchor on the kepi. 

Foreign Legion. The Foreign Legion also wears 
gray blue, but the chevrons are of green. 

The insignia of rank is on lower part of sleeve. 
(Plate 32.) 

Marechal of France 6 small gold stars 

General de Division (General Lieu- 
tenant) 3 small gold stars * 

General de Brigade (General Major) 2 small gold stars 

Colonel o gold bars f 

Lieutenant Colonel 3 gold and 2 silver bars 

Major 4 gold bars f 

Captain 3 gold bars f 

Lieutenant 2 gold bars f 

Sous Lieutenant 1 gold bar 

Adjutant (W. O.) 1 silver bar, red striped 

Sergeant Major 2 broad gold bars J 

Sergeant 1 broad gold bar J 

Corporal 2 dark blue woolen bars J 

Soldat 1 CI 1 dark blue woolen bar J 

Bugler red, white and blue bar { 

* Generals also wear the stars in front of kepi throughout the Army 
and a double dark piping to breeches. 
t Silver for cavalry and chasseurs. ■ 
t Bars are set at an angle of 30° from the horizontal. 



PLATE XXXII 

FRENCH ARMY 

Insignia of Rank of Cuff 






GENERAL OF DIVISION 



m 



m^m 



BRIGADIER GENERAL 






sc 



I^Sm 



% 



COLONEL 



c 



tiiliiiuiinlll 

.uiiDiiiiimiii 



LIEUT COLONEL 



MAJOR 



,-J 


"0 




'^7 


1 , 




1 


^f] 




-^ ■:■-.■■ 




' "1 


1 




► 


^ / 




-V ' ' ' 




J 


1 




1 


J 






. y 


f 



CAPTAIN 



*;v.-:' ■-, - 


- " , ' ■ " - '-"''I 






i-.-r^'. ■ 


* f 






iS'-:'y - 
















;■<>■;->; ■ 


^~ - / 


^^■'j - 


/ 


V-^-r. l' ■■ 


■ ' 1 


-i!!-'.- 


' ' 1 


,'j K 7 




,'7 


■^f ' ■ 


V 


^^■> ■■■.•-■ 


,-.■ '-■-/ 


S'--"-^--'-. 


.■ - r^ 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 



SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 




ASPIRANT 



rnusza^ti 




ADJUTANT 





SERGEANT MAJOR SEROEANT MAJOR 
CAVAlRV INFANTRV 




SERGEANT 
CAVALRV 




SERGEANT 
INFANTRY 




CORPORAL 
CAVALRY 






m^ 






CORPORAL 
INFANTRV 



SOLDIER is^CLASS SOLDIER ?^°CLASS 
CAVALRV INFANTRY , 



PLATE XXXin 

FRENCH ARMY 

Service Insignia 



INTERPRETER (C) 





AVIATION OFFICER. PILOT(C) 



T 



QUARTERMASTER <C) 



SAPPERS. (CAV.R£GT.) <S> 
OFFICER, PILOT OF DIRIGIBLE <C> 




t 



GRENADIERS <S> 



SHOOTING PRIZE (S) 





RAILWAYS < 5™ ENG'R.CORPS) <S> 



CUSTOMS (C> RAILWAY OFFICER <S> 






GENERAL STAFF <C> SIGNAL CORPS < S) SEARCHLIGHT (S) 



MOUNTAIN ARTILLERy<lREGT){C> 





RADIOTELEGRAPHS <S) BALLOOH SECTION MAN < S> 



HEAVY ARTILLERY ( Z RE6T.) CC) 






AUTOMOBILE <C> 




GUNNER OBSERVER (S) NON-COmmiSSIONEO OFFICER 

BALLOON SECTIOM <5) 

TREASURY <C) 

^^ AVIATOR (PRIVATE) < S) 

FOREIGN LEGION <1REGT.>(C) ^^^ - Mf7j^ ^ 

QUARTERMASTER ADMINISTRATION ^/T^"^ 




OFFICER ^ <C> 



MILITARY POLICE, LINES OF COMMUNICATlONDEPI 

<c> 





AVIATOR, NON-COMMISSIONED 
OFFICER CS) 



MEDICAL SE:RVICE ADMINISTRATION 
OFFICER <C) 
MEDICAL SERVICE <Cy ^^ ROPE- MAKER (SPECIALIST) 

(MACHINE-GUN MAN ( S> 




MOROCCAN SPAHIS <CAV) (C) 





^AKER(S 



MECHAHICIAN (S) 



* 



ALGERIAN SPAHlS (C) COLONIAL INFANTRY<MARINES) MOUNTED 

<C> SCOUT (S> 

C insignia worn on Collar. S. insignia worn on sleeve. 



FRANCE 141 

Chevrons are worn on right sleeve to indicate 
wounds — one for each wound. 

On the left sleeve the chevrons indicate the num- 
ber of years at the front. The first chevron indicates 
the first year and each additional chevron indicate 
each additional six months. 

These chevrons are of the same material and color 
as the insignia of the grade; for privates it is of cloth. 

A Fourragere or Honor Cord is worn by all mem- 
bers of units '^ mentioned" three times. It is an 
interlaced cord of green and red if mentioned three 
times and of yellow and green if mentioned four times 
or more. One end is attached to blouse or tunic over 
shoulder, the other end extending to middle of chest. 

The service insignia of the French army indicated are 
in Plate 33. 

Navy Uniforms 

From the pomt of view of official hierarchy, naval 
and military officers in France are divided into three 
broad classes: Firstly, Flag and General Officers; 
secondly, Superior Officers; and thirdly, Subaltern 
Officers. 

In the first class are included Vice Admirals and 
Generals of Divisions, Rear Admirals and Brigadier 
Generals (in other words, all officers whose distinctive 
marks in uniform consist of two or more stars). In 
this category are also included officers of the auxiliary 
branches of the navy and army whose rank is equal 
to that of Flag and General officers; the latter being 
designated High Functionaries (Hauts Fonctionnaires). 



142 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

To the lists of Flag and General Officers must be 
added ''Admirals and Marshals of France," but these 
are not ranks properly so called, and officers invested 
with such titles are usually spoken of as ''Dignitaries" 
as no special employment is provided for officers 
holding them. The "Dignity" of Admiral or Marshal 
is conferred on officers as a reward of service in war 
time. 

In the second class (superior officers) are included 
all officers of the rank of Captain, Commander and 
Lieut. Commander in the Navy and of Colonel, 
Lieut. Colonel, and Chef de Battalion or Chef d'Es- 
cadron in the Army. Superior officers of the Navy 
may always be known from the fact of their wearing 
four or five stripes of distinguishing lace on their sleeve. 

In the third class (subaltern officers) are included 
Acting Sub-Lieutenants, Sub-Lieutenants, and Lieu- 
tenants in the Navy (with officials of corresponding 
rank in the non-executive and civilian branches) and 
similar ranks in the Army. Naval Cadets are not 
classified as officers; they rank below Warrant Officers, 
but above Chief Petty Officers. 

The uniform of officers of all grades and corps in 
the French Navy is similar in design and cut, and the 
method by which the rank of the officer and the corps 
to which he belongs is distinguished as follows: 

Officers of the Executive Branch wear gold or silver 
lace stripes sewn direct on the sleeve of the coat. 
The rank of Admiral is distinguished by two or three 
stars. Engineer Officers wear violet velvet facings 



PLATE XXXIV 

FRENCH NAVY 
Insignia of Rank on Cuff 








VICE A^DMIR^L RE^R ^DM1RAL 



'i!""iii"i";''' :.i::.!iuM:.;iii TTTTT- 



',"!!i;!:!i|l!'!i 



■i!iiniiiiiiiH,iiM miiiiihiiiiiiiiiii!' 



llll''l'"l!ll!NlinilMMi!MII!!limf 



CAPTMN 



n'niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiilllllilllHllillll 



in:iniM!|i!i,!|i!l: MI!^.iliil!l! 



nii,|illU',lil.iiiiiiil.lilluiiiillimTiTTT| 



COMMANDER 



iiiii'iiiiiiiii'iiimiiiiiiiiii) 



imiiiinii;iiiiiiiiii,'iiiiiiiii!i!i'i:7r 



iiiiiiiHiiDiimiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiM 



ii.nimiiiiiiii.iiMniiiiiiun 



LIEUT. COMMANDER 





HiiiiiiiniiiiniMii'i 


nfiiiiMiiiiiiii! 




ii[iiiiiiiiiiii|iiinili 


iiiiinniMNiiii 




..:ii,iii!ii[inMiiiiini/;iiiiiinnn)i/ 


/ 



l lllliimii''llilllliniiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiim 

'llimiiUllllllillillMillHllllllilfrTTT] 



LIEUTENANT SUB LIEUTENANT 



'iniiiiiiihiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. 



ACTING 
SUB LIEUTENANT 



143 



144 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

on the sleeve, while Medical Officers wear red velvet 
facings; Paymasters, brown velvet facings. Officials 
of the Constructive and Hydrographic Branches wear 
black velvet facings, and officers of the Corps de 
Sante (Physicians) wear green velvet facings on the 
sleeves of their uniform coats. 

The following are the distinguishing marks (Plate 34) : 

Admiral of the Fleet. Crossed Admiral's batons. 

Vice Admiral. Three silver stars. 

Rear Admiral. Two silver stars. 

Captain. Five gold stripes. 

Commander. Three gold and two silver stripes. 

Lieutenant Commander. Four gold stripes. 

Lieutenant. Three gold stripes. 

Sub-Lieutenant. Two gold stripes. 

Acting Sub-Lieutenant. One gold stripe. 

Flag officers of the Engineer, Accountant, Medical, 
Construction, Ordnance, Inspection, and Adminis- 
tration Branches or Corps wear distinguishing marks 
of embroidery, instead of that of stars and velvet 
cuffs on sleeves, of the distinctive color of the Branch 
or Corps. In other grades of these Branches, the 
same insignia as that of officers of the executive branch 
are worn with the addition of the colored velvet facings. 

In the Engineer, Accountant, Medical, Construc- 
tion, Ordnance, and Inspection Branches, the highest 
ranking officer ranks with that of Vice Admiral of 
the Executive Branch; in the Hydrographic and 
Administrative Branches with that of Rear Admiral 
and in the Physician Branch with that of Captain. 



CHAPTER XXIV 
GERMANY 

Army Uniforms 

With a few exceptions stated below all armies are 
dressed in gray (feldgrau), a cap or covered helmet, 
a tunic, a great coat, trousers or pants, long boots 
(worn over or under trousers) and shoulder straps 
with regimental number or monogram edged with 
various colors or state colors (one year volunteers). 
The great coats are sometimes of dark blue. 

The new German field uniform has a preeminently 
German appearance and is very popular. The pocket 
is set diagonally in the skirt of the blouse or tunic 
and is placed inside, so that even if bulging full the 
appearance is good. The collar is a falHng collar which 
can be turned up for warmth. The color is of field 
gray and field green, so as to promote invisibility. 
The American system of insignia is unknown to the 
Germans, who secure the differentiation by the color 
of the buttons, style of caps, color of the facings and 
the pipings, etc. 

The colored pipings and facings do not destroy the 
invisibility, as might be surmised. On the contrary, 
the colors retained adapt themselves to the terrain 

145 



146 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

where the vegetation is never of an entirely uniform 
color. 

Cap-bands are often gray colored. Staff officers 
wear a carmine band to cap and broad carmine trouser 
stripe. 

Infantry. The uniform of the infantry is as given 
above with an edging according to corps, the cap- 
band is red or gray colored. 

Jager and Schiitzen (Rifles). These troops are 
dressed in gray green, with a green strap edging and 
wear a shako instead of a helmet. The cap-band is 
red or gray covered. 

Cavalry. Stand up collars are worn. Lancers 
(Uhlans) and Hussars wear special cut tunics and 
special headdress. The edging of shoulder strap varies 
in color, but the dragoons have a single and the cuiras- 
siers a double edging. The cap-bands are of various 
colors. 

Field Artillery. The field artillery wears a black 
piping to the collar; red grenade on shoulder strap, 
brass buttons (white metal in guard corps) and a 
black cap-band. 

Engineers. The engineers wear a black piping to 
the collar, no grenade; white metal buttons and a 
cap-band of black. 

Train. For the train the edging to the collar and 
tunic is of blue. In the supply department it is 
crimson. The cap-band is of blue. 

Medical. The medical corps wears a red edging 
to a blue collar patch and a cap-band of black. 



GERMANY .147 

Veterinary. The veterinary wears a red edge to 
a black collar patch. 

Guard regiments wear two 4-inch tabs of braid on 
either side of the collar and white buttons. The 
shank of sidearm tassel shows the number of bat- 
talion. On the top and bottom the number of the 
Company: 1, white; 2, red; 3, yellow; 4, blue; 
5, green. Thus, red shank, and yellow remainder sig- 
nifies the 2d battalion, 3rd company. 

Landwehr. The Landwehr wear a cross on the 
headdress, caps are now mostly all gray. 

The cockade on the soft front of cap is of red, white, 
and black, while the cockade on the cap-band shows 
the state. Thus, Prussia is black and white; Ba- 
varia, blue and white; Saxony, green and white; 
Wiirttemberg, red and black, Hesse, red and white; 
Mecklenburg, red, yellow, and blue, etc. 

Grade Insignia 

Insignia of rank of commissioned officers is on the 
shoulder strap. 

Field Marshal General. Large cord shoulder strap 
with two crossed batons. 

Lieut. General in Command of an Army. Large 
cord shoulder strap with two stars. 

Major General. Large cord shoulder strap with 
one star. 

Brigadier General. Large cord shoulder strap. 

Colonel. Cord shoulder strap with two stars. 



PLATE XXXV 

GERMAN ARMY 
Grade Insignia 

SHOULDER STRAPS 






OFFICERS GRADE ITSSIGNIA 
SUBALTERN OFFICERS SUPERIOR OFFICERS GENERALS 

Captain 2-5i-ars Colonel Z-Sfars General ?-Stars 

P"^ Lieut I-StaK Lieut Colonel l-Star Lieut Gen. I- Star 

2^° Lieut No Star Major ISoStar Major Gen. No Star 





;:;^,;: 






/■, n 

.v"---'-"-"-v:-_>7C^ 


te 


,;Ts 


- - - - --i^^K 


(' '. 





COAT COLLAR IMSIONIA 
SOLDIER 1ST CLASS CORPORAL SERGEANT MAJOR 




COAT INSIGNIA 
NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS 



^ 




SLEEVE INSIGNIA 
SAR6EANT MAJOR 



148 



GERMANY 149 

Lieut. Colonel. Cord shoulder strap with one star. 

Major. Cord shoulder strap. 

Captain. Flat shoulder strap with two stars. 

Lieutenant. Flat shoulder strap with one star. 

Second Lieutenant. Flat shoulder strap. 

Sergeant Major, Gold or silver stripe on collar, 
double stripes on sleeves, officers' sword cord. 

Sergeant. Gold or silver stripe on collar, two 
stripes on sleeves, large button on collar. 

Non-Commissioned Officer. Gold or silver stripe 
on collar, and sleeve. 

First Soldier. Small button on collar. 

Navy 

The insignia of rank on the sleeves is similar to 
that of ours. A crown instead of a star is placed 
above the stripes to designate executive ranks. 

Engineer Officers, like the British, although be- 
longing to a separate corps hold executive ranks, and 
therefore wear the crown above the stripes. 

Torpedo officers and officers of the civihan branches 
are without the crown on the sleeve, but wear between 
the gold stripes a color designating the corps. Thus, 
engineers, black; torpedo officers, brown; doctors, 
blue; paymasters, light blue, and constructors, black. 

The color of the branch is also worn on the epaulettes, 
full dress and worked into the shoulder straps. 

Paymasters and constructors have silver instead of 
gold epaulette fringes and cloth instead of velvet 
between the stripes. 



150 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The ranks of the commissioned officers of the Ger- 
man Navy, with their insignias, are as follows: 

Grand Admiral. One wide gold stripe below four 
narrow gold stripes, with a gold crown above. 

Admiral. One wide gold stripe below three narrow 
gold stripes with a gold crown above. 

Vice Admiral. One wide gold stripe below two nar- 
row gold stripes with a gold crown above. 

Rear Admiral. One wide gold stripe below one 
narrow gold stripe with a gold crown above. 

Captain, Four narrow gold stripes below a gold 

crown. 

Commander. Three narrow gold stripes below a 

gold crown. 

Senior Lieutenant. Two narrow gold stripes below 
a gold crown. 

Junior Lieutenant. One narrow gold stripe below 
a gold crown. 

Sub-Lieutenant. One very narrow gold stripe below 
a gold crown. 

The insignia of rank on the shoulder knots is as 
follows : 

Grand Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold 
trimming on which is mounted two crossed gold 
cannon. 

Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold trimming 
on which is mounted three small gold rosettes. 

Vice Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold 
trimming on which is mounted two small gold rosettes. 
j Rear Admiral. An interlacing of cords with gold 




6R^ND 
ADMIRAL 



PLATE XXXVI 

GERMAN NAVY 
Insignia of Rank on Cuff 





ADMIRAL 



VICE 
ADMIRAL 




REAR 
ADMIRAL 



ni'.iiiiiniMiiiiii iiiiiiiimi 



iiimniiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiif 



SENIOR 
LIEUTENANT 



iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimTm] 



li;iinilllM-,IIIMIIimTT77iT: 



inHriiiiiiinMiiii iiiiiiiiii.ii 



iiui,iiiiiiiiiii,iiiiiiim)i), 



CAPTAIN 



niiiimiiiiiniiiiiiii;iiiiiiil 



JUNIOR 
LIEUTENANT 



""i"i!iii'iii!iiiiiiii"iniiiiif 



»^'llllllllllllllll!M!IMII.l|P 



iiUiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiL'iiuiiifrni 



COMMANDER 



"III I'"" "^ 



SUB 
LIEUTENANT 



151 



152 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

trimming on which is mounted one small gold 
rosette. 

Captain. Broad interlacing of cords without gold 
trimming on which is mounted two small gold rosettes. 

Commander. Broad interlacing of cords without 
gold trimming on which is mounted one small gold 
rosette. 

Senior Lieutenant. Broad interlacing of cords 
without gold trimming. 

Junior Lieutenant. Narrow parallel cords on which 
is mounted two gold rosettes. 

Sub Lieutenant. Narrow parallel cords on which 
is mounted one gold rosette. 



CHAPTER XXV 
ITALY 

Army Uniforms 

The rank of the officers of the Army is designated 
by the cap device and by the insignia on the shoulder 
straps. All officers have a silver star on either side 
of collar and the color and design of the collar patch 
shows to which branch of the service and to which 
regiment they belong. Thus a green collar patch 
signifies the 51 U. 52 Infantry — Regulars; a white 
collar patch with black horizontal stripe, the 15 U. 
16 Infantry — Regulars; a white collar with a black 
scallop, Regular Cavalleg-geri di Lucca. 

The insignia on the shoulders is as follows: 

General. Three gold stars on a shoulder mark of 
broad silver braid. 

Lieutenant GeneraL Two gold stars on a shoulder 
mark of broad silver braid. 

Major General. One gold star on a shoulder mark 
of broad silver braid. 

Colonel. Three silver stars on a shoulder strap with 
silver braid trimming. 

Lieutenant Colonel. Two silver stars on a shoulder 
strap with silver braid trimming. 

153 



154 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Major. One silver star on a shoulder strap with 
gold braid trimming. 

Captain. Three silver stars on shoulder strap 
without gold or silver braid trimming. 

First Lieutenant. Two silver stars on shoulder 
strap without gold or silver braid trimming. 

Second Lieutenant. One silver star on shoulder 
strap without gold or silver braid trimming. 

Non-commissioned officers wear chevrons on the 
cuffs of sleeves; 1, 2, 3, or 4, according to the rank. 

Navy Uniforms 

The general system of indicating the branch of the 
service and the relative ranks of officers of the Italian 
Navy is the same as in the British Navy, i.e., for 
branch of service by colors on the cuffs between the 
stripes, or by the curl in the case of executive officers; 
for seniority by broad and narrow stripes. 

The undress coat is a tunic edged with black braid, 
the distinction marks being worn on shoulder straps 
instead of on the sleeves. 

Plain clothes may be worn on shore except on 
public festivals between 8 a.m. and sunset, on gala 
nights at the theater, or at public dinners or recep- 
tions. Midshipmen and officers of corresponding rank 
are only allowed to wear plain clothes when on long 
leave. 

Distinguishing marks of Branches and Ranks. 
The distinctive colors on cuffs between stripes of the 
various branches are: 



PLATE XXXVn 

ITALIAN ARMY 

Collar Device Designating the Regiment 
KEY 

MA.ROON RED BLACK VELLOW WHITE SALMON RED ORANGE BLUE 



V"y>4>i lyivn 



^ t 



M^/.mM//my^^M ,.: 



o 



REG.NIZZ L_^^1A REG.PlEMOf>(T£REALCCAVALLERl\ REG.5M01A UVALLERIA 
■?> 



d 



REG.GENOVAGAVALLERIA REOIANCIERI Dl NOVAR^■ REG.LAMCILRl Dl AOSTA 






REG.CAVALLEGGERI Dl FOGGIA REG.GAVAI I fGGFoi ni salUZZO REG.CAVALL&OGERI DI MONFERRATO 






REG.CAVALLEGGERI Dl ALESSANDRIA REG.CAVALLEGbERl Dl LODl REG.CAYALLEGGERl Dl LUCCA 






REGCAVALLEGGERI Dl PADOVA REG.CAVALLEGGERI Dl CATANIA REGCAVALLEGGERl UMBERTO I. 




'1^ 






REGCAVALLEOGERl Dl VICENIA REG.LANCIERl Dl MANTOVA REG, LANCIERI Dl YERCELU 

The Hats and Insignia of Rank on Shoulder Marks 
of Commissioned Officers 





[ 



a'-oLlEUTEMAMT |ST LIEUTENANT 







MAJOR 





; 1^ 

: t >'l 



LIEUT COLONEL COLONEL GENERAL MAJOR LIEUT GENERAL GENERAL 



156 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Constructors. Crimson velvet. 

Engineer Officers. Black velvet. 

Medical Officers. Light blue cloth. 

Paymasters. Red cloth. 

Pharmacists. Green cloth. 

All officers on the active list wear a 5-pointed star 
(stellette) on each side of the coat collar as a token 
that they are on the active list, and thus subject to 
naval discipline, with the exception of the following, 
who wear an 8-pointed star: Pharmacists, Officials 
of the Harbor Master's Office, Motor Boat, Volunteer 
Corps which may be created. For Flag Officers and 
equivalent ranks the star is gold, for other ranks, silver. 

The distinction lace on the cuffs is as follows: 

Flag Officers. Four, three, or two narrow stripes 
for an Admiral, Vice Admiral, or Rear Admiral, and 
other officers of correspondmg rank. The lower stripe 
is entwined with a waved stripe. 

Captains and Equivalent Ranks. One broad and 
three narrow stripes. 

Commander. One broad and two narrow stripes. 

Lieutenant Commander. One broad and one nar- 
row stripe. 

Lieutenant. Three narrow stripes. 

Senior Lieutenants have a gold band on shoulder 
strap for twelve years seniority. 

Sub-Lieutenant. Two narrow stripes. 

Midshipman. One narrow stripe. 

The cap worn by all commissioned officers is similar 
to the British in shape. The badge of the executive 



PLATE XXXVIII 

ITALIAN NAVY 
Insignia of Rank on Cuff 




ADMIRAL 



"-■■ 




1/r^il 



' /%'<^i:^' liSis:^^ 




VICE ADMIRAL REAR ADMIRAL 



CAPTAIH 




^^"^•'^^^ 



COMMANDER 



_s^ 






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' 



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LIEUT. 
COMMANDER 



<, I ■■ 




LIEUTEMANT SUB LIEUTENANT MIDSHIPMAN 



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■ ■ ',' ' ."/ / >/ >^//^^/////i 








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A. Ay. -/./ ./. '/'/./././'/'/'/ ' /-'/A 



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f^yf^rs 



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'.)>.>.>.>.>>.)■>>>>>.>■>.> ".>1 



ENGINEER CONSTRUCTOR SURGEON PAYMASTER 

LIEUTCOMMANDER LIEUT. MAJOR GEtlERAL LIEUT COLON EL 

GENERAL 



158 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

officer is a foul anchor on a blue ground, surrounded 
by gold leaves surmounted by the royal crown. Civilian 
branches wear the following devices in place of the 
foul anchor: 

Engineer Officers. A screw propeller on a black 
ground. 

Constructors. A helmet over a crossed hammer 
and hatchet on a crimson ground. 

Medical Officers. A red cross on a white ground. 

Paymasters. A gold star on a red ground. 

The peak of the cap is plain in all cases, distinctive 
rank and class being indicated by gold stripes sewn 
on a band of similar color to that worn with dis- 
tinction lace on the cuff, and which takes the place 
of the mohair band on the British cap. 

The following devices are worn on epaulettes : 

Executive Officers. Monogram of the King — V.E. — 
entwined with rope and two foul anchors. 

Constructors and Engineers. A hemlet over a 
crossed hatchet and hammer, enclosed in a bay leaf 
wreath. 

Surgeons. A serpent entwined about a staff. 

Paymasters. An oak leaf wreath. 

Shoulder straps: 

Flag Officers. Gold royal crown over gold anchor 
and three gold stars. 

Ufficiali Superiore. Black with a gold edge, royal 
crown and two gold stars. 

Ufficiali Inferiore. Black with a gold royal crown 
and one star. 



ITALY 159 

Officers of other branches wear similar shoulder 
straps edged with the color of the branch, and car- 
rying a device similar to that worn on the epaulettes. 

A transverse shoulder strap is worn on full dress 
and frock coat as follows: 

Flag Officers of the Executive Branch. Black 
edged with gold, with a large foul anchor and crown. 

Flag Officers of Other Branches. Black edged with 
gold and an outer edge of the color of the branch, 
with device similar to that w^orn on the epaulettes. 

Ufficiali Superiore (all branches). Black with gold 
edge, a gold rope running through the center. 

Ufficiali Inferiore (all branches). A plain gold stripe. 

The following badges of rank and class are worn by 
Warrant Officers: 

Chief Warrant Officer. One gold stripe with diag- 
onal blue lines on each cuff. The specialty device is 
worn on each sleeve just above the elbow. 

Warrant Officer. The specialty device, worn on 
each sleeve just above the elbow. 

Chief Petty Officers. Chief petty officers dress 
similarly to warrant officers. 

The distinctive marks of rank and branch are two 
gold chevrons, one narrow and one broad, worn on 
the sleeve just above the elbow, and surmounted by 
the device of the branch. Those of three years 
seniority add a narrow chevron. 

Petty Officers. Two red chevrons, one narrow and 
one broad, surmounted by the device of the branch 
also in red. 



160 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Leading and Able Seamen, Leading seamen wear 
one narrow red chevron on sleeve just above elbow, 
with device of branch also in red. 

Able seamen wear the device of branch only. 

Ordinary seamen have no distinguishing mark for 
branch. 



CHAPTER XXVI 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

Army Uniforms 

The principal insignia distinctive of the miHtary 
rank of the personnel of the army are placed on the 
stand-up collars of the tunics, the Hussar jackets, 
the Lancer jackets, the blouses, etc., and are as fol- 
lows: 

For officers of the military profession, auditors, 
army doctors, military accountants, and other officials: 
In the rank of General, embroidery in gold consisting 
of golden borders and silver embroidered stars; be- 
sides on the cuffs gold embroidery consisting of golden 
borders. In the rank of Staff Officer, gold or silver 
borders (according to the buttons) and silver or gold 
embroidered stars (contrary to the buttons); besides 
on the cuffs gold or silver borders. In the rank of 
superior officer, gold or silver embroidered stars 
(according to the buttons). 

Those without order of rank, small silver border 
and stars. 

Sergeant-major, small yellow silk border and white 
celluloid stars. 

Other non-commissioned officers and lance-corporals, 
white celluloid stars. 

161 



PLATE XXXIX 

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY 
Insignia of Rank on Collar 




GENERAL GENERALofDIVISION BRIGADIER GENERAL 




COLONEL 



LIEUT. COLONEL 



MAJOR 




CARTA I N 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 




SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 



162 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 



163 



For officials attached to the army: Like the corre- 
sponding rank of the officers; however, instead of 
stars, gold or silver embroidered rosettes. 

The gold or silver borders of the Generals and 
Staff Officers are of different design from those of 
the corresponding ranks of the officials. 



DISTINCTIVE MARKS OF EACH RANK 

Fieldmarshal. General's buttons and a gold acorn worn on 

the collar and on the sleeve. 



General Officers 



General 



Infantry- 
Cavalry 
Master of Ordnance 
General of Division or 
Fieldmarshal Lieutenant 
Major General 
General Auditor 
Doctor of General Staff, 
etc. 



} 



Gold braid 
with 
general's 
buttons 



Three silver stars worn 
on collar 

Two silver stars worn 
on collar 

One silver star worn on 
collar 



Colonel 

Doctor of Staff 
Lieut. Colonel 
Major 



Staff Officers 

Gold or silver braid and 
buttons with numerals 
on them 



Three silver stars 

Two silver stars 
One silver star 



1G4 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



Subaltern Officers 



Captain 

Cavalry Captain 
Chief Auditor 
Regimental Doctor 
Chief Accountant 
First Lieutenant 
Second Lieutenant 
Asst. Surgeon 



Color Sergeant 



Cadet 



' Three gold or silver stars 



Two gold or silver stars 
One gold or silver star 
One gold or silver star 
One gold border and one 

silver plated star 
Narrow gold border and 

celluloid star 



Sergeants 

Accountant (non-com. 1st class) 

Chief of Guard 

Master Gunner, 1st class 

Regimental Drummer 

Regimental Bugler 

Battahon Bugler 

Regimental Trimipeter 

Master of Technical Art. 1st cl. 

Artillery Master. 1st class 

Accoimtant vuon-com. 2d class) 

Master Gimsmith. 2d class 

Artillery Master. 2d class 

Battalion Bugler. 2d class 

Di^-ision and Battahon Tnmipeter 

Regimental Saddler 

Blacksmith 

Locksmith 

Master of Technical Art, 2d cl. 



Narrow yellow silk braid 
and three celluloid stars 
on collar 



Three white celluloid stars 
on collar 



Corporal 
Privates 



{ 



Two white celluloid stars 

on collar 
Without distinction 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 165 



Navy Uniforms 



The general system of indicating the branch of 
the service and the relative ranks of officers of the 
Austro-Hungarian Navy is the same as in the British 
Nav>", i.e., for branch of service by colors on the 
cuffs and between the stripes, and the curl in the case 
of executive officers; for seniority, broad and narrow 
stripes of gold lace. 

Officers of the military branch are always to wear 
uniform ashore except when attending a class of 
instruction at a high school, hunting, shooting, or 
plajdng games. Other officers may wear plain clothes. 
Abroad, plain clothes are always to be worn. 

Officers on half-pay and those not on the active 
list wear plain clothes; uniform may be worn on cere- 
monial occasions. 

The distinctive colors of the various branches are 
as follows: 

Military Branch. Same as the cloth. 

Medical Branch. Black. 

Technical Officers. Crimson. 

Engineering Branch. Gray. 

Accountant Branch. Light blue. 

Teaching Staff and Hydrcgraphic Officials. Dark 
blue. 

Clerical Staff (Kanzleibeamten). Brown. 

Officers in full dress may be distinguished by the 
color of the velvet on the cuffs and by silver stars 
or rosettes on both sides of the collar; in all other 



166 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

uniforms, by stripes on the sleeve or shoulder straps 
and colored silk between the stripes. 

The distinguishing ranks on the uniform are stripes 
on the sleeves. The Admiral's broad stripe is two 
inches, the medium stripe of the Captains and Com- 
mander, IJ inches, and the ordinary stripe, yq inch 
wide. Stripes are I inch apart, and the upper stripe 
of executive officers is fitted with a curl. 

AdmiraL Qne broad stripe and three ordinary 
stripes. 

Vice Admiral. One broad stripe and two ordinary 
stripes. 

Rear Admiral. One broad stripe and one ordinary 
stripe. 

Flag Officers of the military branch wear a gold 
crown above the upper stripe; of the medical branch, 
a gold star; other branches, a gold rosette. 

Captain. One medium and three ordinary stripes. 

Captain of a Cruiser. One medium and two ordi- 
nary stripes. 

Commander. One medium and one ordinary stripe. 

Lieutenant Commander. Three ordinary stripes. 

Lieutenant. Two ordinary stripes. 

Sub-Lieutenant. One ordinary stripe. 

Midshipman. One ordinary stripe half round the 
sleeves. 

The Monkey Jacket is similar to that in use in 
the British Navy. Officers of the military and 
medical branches wear a small gold stripe on each 
shoulder. 



Shoulder Straps 
on Full Di-ess 
Coats 

6MtoV.'i i 'iS\a 




REAR ADMIRfvL 




COMMANDER 




LIEUTENANT 




SUR6E0N 



PLATE XL 

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY 



insign.a of Rank on Cuffs of Frock Coafsond Monkey Jackets 




ADMIRAL 




CAPTAIN 




COMMANDER 




SENIOR LIEUTENANT 




LIEUTENANT 




^ SUBLIEUTENANT 




MI05H1PMAN 




CADET 




SURGEON GENERAL 




OFFH:,.»L. ^jV SEAR 
ADMIRALS RANK 



^■A-?*?^toI?^^ insignia of Rank 
^'-■'^'--■■^:=="-] Collars of Full Dr 





DEPUTY SURGEON 
GENERAL 



^m^^m 



OFFICIAL OF COM- 
MANDERS' RANK 



STAFF SURGEON 




SURfeEON 




ASST.PAV MASTER 



Coats 



on 

Dress 




CAPTWN OR SURGEON OF EOUIVALEUT 
RANK 



OFFICIAL OF LIEUTENANTS RANK 




SUB LIEUTENANT OR SUROEON OF 
EOUIVALENTRANK 



167 



168 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Epaulette Devices 

For the Military Branch. Silver stars according to 
rank, and a gold crown for flag officers. Gold crown 
and anchor for other officers. 

For the Medical Branch. A silver vEsculapius' staff. 
In addition, for officers of flag rank, silver stars ac- 
cording to rank. 

For the Official Branches. A gold rosette for offi- 
cers of the equivalent rank of Rear Admiral. No 
device for other officers. 

BuUions. For officers of rank of Commander and 
above, a double row of bright gold bullions J inch 
thick. 

For officers of rank of Lieutenant Commander and 
Lieutenant, a double row of gold bullions | inch thick. 

Sub-lieutenants and Midshipmen wear no bullions. 

Shoulder Straps 

Stripes and colored silk similar to those worn on 
the sleeve of the coat. The crown, star or rosette 
of ffag oflricers is worn in the center of the broad stripe. 
Medical officers have a gold Jj]sculapius' staff in ad- 
dition to the stripes. 

Warrant Officers of the Austro-Hungarian Navy 
wear no full dress or cocked hat. On occasions when 
these are ordered for officers, shoulder straps are worn 
with the frock coat. 

The Chief Petty Officer wears a frock coat and 
sword similar to the Warrant Officer and his uniform 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 169 

differs only in the distinguishing marks of rank and 

branch. 

For Rank. Gold lace stripes worn half round on 
the outside part of the sleeve of the monkey jacket 
or frock coat with a button in the center of the stripe. 

For Chief Warrant Officers. Three stripes i inch 
broad and | inch apart. 

For Warrant Officers. Two stripes i inch broad, 
i inch apart. 

For Chief Petty Officers. One stripe ^ inch broad. 

For Branch. The distinguishing marks are worn on 
the left arm halfway between shoulder and elbow. 

Petty Officers and Men. The distinguishing marks 
for rank are stars on the corners of the collar; for 
branch, badges on the upper half of the left sleeve. 



CHAPTER XXVII 
JAPAN 

Army Uniforms 

The insignia of rank of the officers are shown, (1) 
by the broad trimmings on the kepi, (2) by the inter- 
lacings on the sleeves, (3) by the style of the collars, 
and (4) by the shoulder straps. 

On the kepi the subalterns and the officers of the 
rank of captain have four single cords which run from 
the rim to the top. The staff officers have four double 
cords. The Generals four triple cords. 

A closer distinction of the ranks is furnished by 
the number of cords forming a band around the kepi, 
which is bound at the top by one cord for all grades. 
This cord is not included in the following enumera- 
tion : 

Sergeant Major. No cord. 

Lieutenant. One cord. 

First Lieutenant. Two cords. 

Captain, Cavalry Captain. Three cords. 

Major. Four cords. 

Lieutenant Colonel. Five cords. 

Colonel. Six cords. 

Major General. Seven cords. 

170 



PLATE XLI 

JAPANESE ARMY 
Shoulder Marks 






FIELD MAR5HM 
OR GEnER^L 



<;,^,>^>i>^,^^,;>^,^-^>^^>>>^>>^^ ^ 



fc;i>::^;>:>^S.vvvS^^=>Si^^ 



L?EUTENA.NT 
GENERAL 





^?»>>>>>>>»->»v>y^-^^^>^^^-^> >^^>»^^»^^ 




MAJOR GENERAL 



COLONEL 



t--- ■-■■■•-- ..■■■■■■.■■■.. ■.■ .......■■■.■■..-T- 



MM: 






I J.J ■ i-L, 






■^^■^ii<r^}:>^M^^rr:fi>J/^k!!!^^;!^^S-l^^i^^ 



i^^»^>%^SV>^VV>^>^^>>^^^ 



CAPTAm 



VN S sv;.-/.'>v^>^>^>>^)»:>^>;??^:; 



v; :.. ■ - ' ..' ;..,y-.X:>i> 



'/ 



^ 



HEUT COLONEL 






y^mik^s:^i^^i^i^^^ii^^^^imm;:SSm 






i;>;ia>vb5>>>ws»^^>i^^ 



FIRST LIEUTEN^N^ 



' ""i '> ' ft *' 



?^^?:^s::->»>»» 



53 



MAJOR 









i ^' « c^^^V <' ■ <■ <v ' t, " C *^ 



SECOND LIEUTENANT 






^-J^#>%^^^1».¥>ie->---k:.^^ 






171 



172 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Lieutenant General. Eight cords. 
Field Marshal. Nine cords. 

Interlacing on Sleeves 

Sergeant Major. Wears no interlacing or braid. 

Lieutenant. Wears interlacing of one cord. 

First Lieutenant. Wears interlacing of two cords. 

Captain, Cavalry Captain. Wears interlacing of 
three cords. 

Major. Wears interlacing of four cords. 

Lieutenant Colonel. Wears interlacing of five cords. 

Colonel. Wears interlacing of six cords. 

Major General. Wears interlacing of five cords, 
with a bottom edging. 

Lieutenant General. Wears interlacing of six cords, 
with a bottom edging. 

Field Marshal. Wears interlacing of seven cords, 
with a bottom edging. 

The pattern of the collar is of four different kinds, 
namely, (1) for color-sergeant, (2) for subaltern officers 
and captains, (3) for staff officers and (4) for generals. 

Shoulder straps are divided into three different 
groups, namely, (1) color sergeants, lieutenants and 
captains, (2) for staff officers, (3) for generals. 

The shoulder knots for dress uniforms of general 
officers are broad and of interlaced gold cord. A 
field marshal or general has on the shoulder strap 
three silver stars; lieutenant general two, silver stars; 
and major general, one silver star. The shoulder 
knots of the staff officers is of interlaced gold cord, 



JAPAN 173 

but of a narrower design. A colonel has on the 
shoulder strap three silver stars; lieutenant colonel, 
two silver stars; major, one silver star. The shoulder 
knots of subaltern officers are of a longer and narrower 
design than that of higher ranking officers. A captain 
has on his shoulder knot three silver stars; a first 
lieutenant, two silver stars; a second lieutenant, one 
silver star; and a sergeant major, no star. 

The insignia of rank shown on the shoulder straps is 
as follows: 

General. Three gold stars moimted on a gold 
shoulder strap with red edging. 

Lieut. General. Two gold stars mounted on a gold 
shoulder strap with red edging. 

Major General. One gold star mounted on a gold 
shoulder strap with red edging. 

Colonel. Three gold stars mounted on a shoulder 
strap with three red and four gold stripes. 

Lieut. Colonel. Two gold stars mounted on a 
shoulder strap with three red and four gold stripes. 

Major. One gold star mounted on a shoulder strap 
with three red and four gold stripes. 

Captain. Three gold stars mounted on a shoulder 
strap with two wide red and three gold stripes. 

First Lieutenant. Two gold stars mounted on a 
shoulder strap with two wide red and three gold stripes. 

Second Lieutenant. One gold star mounted on 
a shoulder strap with two wide red and three gold 
stripes. 



174 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Color Distinction 

Pioneer. Maroon. 
Transportation. Light blue. 
Veterinary. Dark green. 
Commissary. Gray. 
Artillery. Light red. 
Cavalry. Green (olive). 
Infantry. Yellow. 

Navy Uniforms 

Japanese Naval Uniforms are very similar to British, 
and are worn on similar occasions. 

The undress coat, corresponding to the British 
Monkey Jacket, is a tunic edged with black braid, the 
distinguishing lace being also of black braid. 

Generally speaking, where in British devices a 
crown occurs, a cherry blossom occurs in the corre- 
sponding Japanese device. 

Engineer Officers wear the executive curl and purple 
cloth between the stripes. 

Civil Officers wear no curl, and are distinguished 
by cloth of the following colors: 

Medical Branch. Red. 

Accountant Branch. White. 

Constructor Branch. Ship, Engine : Brown. 

Constructor Branch. Ordnance : Maroon. 

Hydr ©graphic Branch. Light blue. 

*Musicians. Indigo blue. 

*Carpenters. Green. 

* Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers. 




ENOIhLLR UEUTCIS^^tlT 


^^^^^^^^^^ 




f 1, , / 




^^^^^^^^M 


ENGmEER MIDSHIPMAN 


$!^^^s^mrM 



\WARRA.HT OFFICER OF 
ENGltHEERS 




PLATE XLn 

JAPANESE NAVY 

Shoulder- Strops. S'jmmef Dress 




CHIEF WARRWHT OFFICER 
Insignia of Rank on Cuffs 



'Ml ' ■"ilMl -I'lll' 'III. 

111. ■nil" '.''I'll' ■ i||i' ''III' 





ADMIRAL 



•CVJ^ 



o 



VICE ADM1RA,L 




COMMANDER 



n. 



ADMIRAL VICE ADMIRAL REAR ADMIRAL CAPTAIN COMMANDER 



II- 'ill III' III -niii 



I' 'ii" "'U' ■ '"•'■ '•!»■ 



I" ~ "" '^ 



IlFirrrOMMANDER LIEUTENANT SUBLIEUTENANT SUB LlEUTENAnT MlDSHfRMAN 
UltUT.COMMANDLR ISXCLASS 2'*° CLASS 



175 



176 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

The distinguishing colors for the Engineering and 
Civil Branches are also worn round the cap-band. 

Lower deck ratings are distinguished by a badge 
on the left arm of which the pecuhar feature is: 

Seamen. Anchor. 

Musicians. Lyre. 

Carpenters. Axe. 

Engineroom Ratings. Double Spanner. 

Sick Berth Ratings. Forceps. 

Writers. Writing brush. 

Cooks. Key. 

Naval Reserve (Mercantile Marine) 

Executive Officers wear stripes of half the width of 
those of the Imperial Navy, with no curl. Engineer 
Officers wear the same with purple cloth. 



CHAPTER XXVIII 
RUSSIA 

Army Uniforms 

The color of the Russian uniform is a greenish 
yellow, of a much lighter shade than that worn by 
most armies using the khaki uniform. Field overcoats 
are made of a grayish brown material extremely thick 
and heavy. Coats and trousers are tight-fitting and 
high black boots are worn by officers and men of all 
branches of the service. 

Unlike the Navy, the insignia of rank has not been 
changed since the revolution, the old shoulder marks 
being worn. All medals and decorations are worn 
on the service uniforms on all occasions. 

Navy Uniforms 

The insignia of rank of the Russian uniform has 
been changed since the Revolution to correspond with 
that of all republican countries. Shoulder straps 
which were formerly worn to designate rank have been 
abohshed and ranks are now shown by distinctive 
braid worn on both arms. On all coats the braid 
encircles the sleeve, except the great coat (overcoat), 

177 




MARSHAL 



I 








A 



h 

/ 

/ 
/ 

/ 



COLONEL 




FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 



mr 



SARGEANT 
MAJOR 



PLATE XLIII 

RUSSIAN ARMY 
Shoulder Marks 




GENERALOF 
ARMY CORPS 





SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 



H 



n 



SARGEANT 




GENERALOF 
A DIVISION 




LIEUT COLONEL MAJOR 




^ 



R 



CHIEF 
ADJUTANT 



CORPORAL 




GENERALOF 
ABRIGADE 




^ 



ADJUTANT 



SOLDIER 



PLATE XLIV 

RUSSIAN NAVY 
Insignia of Rank on Cuff 



<? ^ <? 



ADMIRAL 



^ 



CAPTAIN 



^ 



COMMANDER 




LIEUT 
COMMANDER 




LIEUTENANT 



^ 



SUB 
LIEUTENANT 




Blue bef^iveen 
/:r Stripes 



^ 



Red beftyeen 
.f Stripes 



Lower ,-■-> 
Stripe IS White 



^ 



SHTAB-CAPTAIN 
<HYDROGRAPHER> 



LIEUT COLONEL 
(CONSTRUCTOR) 

179 



SURGEON 
(JUNIOR) 



180 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

when the braid is only sewn on the outside half of the 
sleeve. 

The following stripes are worn by Executive Offi- 
cers and corresponding non-combatant ranks : 

Admiral. One |-inch stripe with curl, two 1-inch 
stripes below, and above the curl three 5-pointed stars. 

Vice Admiral. The same with two stars instead of 
three stars. 

Rear Admiral. The same with one star instead 
of three stars. 

Captain. Three f-inch stripes, the upper one with 
curl. 

Commander. Two f-inch stripes, the upper one 
with curl. 

Lieutenant Commander. One f-inch stripe with 
curl and three |-inch stripes. 

Lieutenant. One f-inch stripe with curl and two 
J-inch stripes. 

Michman (Lieut., junior grade). One f-inch stripe 
with curl, with one J-inch stripe. 

Gold stripes and stars (for flag rank) are worn by 
executive officers, engineer officers, ''Admiralty" offi- 
cers, and hydrographers. There is no distinction 
between executive and engineer officers. 

Silver stripes and stars (for flag rank) are worn by 
surgeons, law branch officers, and constructors. 

Further distinction is made as follows, by cloth 
sewn beneath the lowest stripe: 

Constructors. Red. 

Law Branch. Mauve. 



RUSSIA 181 

Hydrographers. Blue. 

Surgeons. White. 

The caps worn are of the same pattern as those of 
the British Navy. The cap badge consists of embroid- 
dery laurel leaves in gold with foul anchor in silver. 
Above the anchor is a 5-pointed gold-embroidered 
star. Officers wearing gold stripes have gold em- 
broidery and a silver anchor; other, silver embroidery 
and a gold anchor. 



CHAPTER XXIX 
BELGIUM 

Army Uniforms 

At the beginning of the war the Belgian Army was 
clothed in very gaudy and conspicuous uniforms. 
This great fault was soon removed, however, after 
the German invasion. 

The Belgian winter field uniform is made out of 
woolen cloth. The mounted troops and those who 
are on bicycle wear breeches with fawn colored leggins, 
while the infantry wear trousers with smaller leggins. 

The cut of the uniform is practically the same as 
the one of the English uniform, but with a stiff collar. 

Privates and N.C.O. wear a leather belt with six 
cartridge-boxes, each containing 3 loaders, i.e., 90 
cartridges. 

The cap has the same shape as the English Army 
cap and bears a round enameled escutcheon repre- 
senting the Belgian colors. 

In summer time they wear the light khaki cotton 
uniform. The winter blouse bears shoulder straps 
on which numbers and special insignia are embroidered. 

Collar and shoulder straps bear collar facings and 
pipings of various colors as well as numbers and 

182 



BELGIUM 183 

other insignia by which one can distinguish corps and 
regiments. 

The metalUc insignia are: gold for the commis- 
sioned officers, silver for the non-commissioned officers, 
bronze for privates. 

The different insignia of the various corps is as 
follows : 

(1) Infantry. Red vermiUon collar facing; Arabic 
number in metal on the cap and embroidered in red 
on the shoulder straps. Blue pipmg. 

(2) Cavalry. Guides. Amaranth collar facing; Ara- 
bic number in metal with a royal crown on the cap 
and embroidered in amaranth on the shoulder straps. 
Green piping. 

Lancers. White collar facing; Arabic number in 
metal on the cap and embroidered on the shoulder 
straps. Blue piping. 

Chasseurs. Yellow collar facing; Arabic nmnber 
in metal on the cap and embroidered on the shoulder 
straps. Blue piping. 

(3) Artillery. Blue-black collar facing; Roman 
number in metal (showing the corps) on the cap and 
embroidered in red on the shoulder straps. Red 
piping. 

(4) Engineers (pontonniers, aerostation, etc.). Black 
collar facing; Roman helmet in metal on the cap and 
on the collar. Red piping. 

(5) Army Service Corps. Blue collar facing; Roman 
number in metal (showing the corps) on the cap. 
Blue piping. 



184 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

(6) Medical Corps. Physicians, surgeons. Red 
Amaranth velvet collar facing; caduceus in metal on 
the cap and on the collar facing. Blue piping. 

Veterinary Surgeons. Blue velvet collar facings; 
caduceus in metal on the cap and on the collar facing. 

Chemists. Green velvet collar facing; caduceus in 
metal on the cap and on the collar facing. 

(7) Administrative Corps. Commissariats, tresi-riers 
etc. Blue collar facing; two letters S. and A, inter- 
laced on the collar and on the cap. Roman num- 
ber (showing the corps) on the shoulder straps. Blue 
piping. 

(8) Gendarmerie. Still wear the old uniform, i.e., 
blouse and trousers or breeches in black cloth. Red 
collar facing bearing a grenade (officers) and a silver 
button (troops). Stiff cap in black cloth with grenade 
and an escutcheon representing the Belgian colors. 



PLATE XLV 

BELGIAN ARMY 

Insignia of Rank on Collar 



I 



i> 



^ 

m^^^ 



LIEUT. GENERAL 







^ 



MAJOR 
GEMERAL 



1 






COLONEL 



»> 



^ 



L1EUT..COL0NEL 



«: 











MAJOR 






CAPTAIN 
COMMANDANT 












CAPTAIN 
2^° CLASS 



^si^PPPlfs 








jy-'-- 



■-^^^■^.\T:i'ii-^^:.t^.^--U^^ 



FIRST 
LIEUTENANT 



>^?5«p^?f?^^?^ 



S»^- 



SECOND 
LIEUTENANT 

185 



^^^■•""^"■^--^''-'•i^'^^^^v!^ 







*■;« 

M 



■f<-^^:^^'^m 



ADJUTANT 



186 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 



BADGES OF RANK 

Officers 





On Each Side of Collar of 




Rank. 


Service Jacket.* 


On Cap. 


Lieutenant 


2 vertical gold lace 


2 vertical gold lace 


General 


stripes, 3 gold stars, 


stripes on each side of 




gold thunderbolt. 


gold thunderbolt. 


Major Gen- 


2 vertical gold lace 


2 vertical gold lace 


eral 


stripes, 2 gold stars, 


stripes on each side of 




gold thunderbolt. 


gold thunderbolt. 


Colonel 


1 vertical gold lace stripe, 


1 vertical gold lace stripe 




3 gold stars. 


on each side of gold 
regimental number or 
general staff badge. 


Lieutenant 


1 vertical gold lace stripe, 


1 vertical gold lace stripe 


Colonel 


2 gold stars. 


on each side of gold 
regimental number or 
general staff badge. 


Major 


1 vertical gold lace stripe, 


1 vertical gold lace stripe 




1 gold star. 


on each side of gold 
regimental number or 
general staff badge. 


Captain 


3 gold stars. 


1 vertical gold lace stripe 


Com- 




on each side of gold 


mandant 




regimental number or 
general staff badge. 


Captain 


2 gold stars and 1 silver 
star. 


None. 


Lieutenant 


2 gold stars. 


None. 


2d Lieuten- 


1 gold star. 


None. 


ant. 







* The same badges of rank are worn on the great coat. 

■j" The thunderbolt, not shown in figures, is on the right of the stars. 



BELGIUM 187 

NON-COMMISSIQNED OfFICEJIS 

Warrant Officer. One silver star on collar. 

Color Sergeant Major. Three rings or stripes of narrow 
dark brown braiding around cuff. 

Sergeant Major. Two rings or stripes of narrow dark brown 
braid around cuff and 2 stripes of same material above elbow. 

First Sergeant. Two rings or stripes of narrow dark brcwTi 
braid around cuff. 

Quartermaster Sergeant. One ring or stripe of narrow dark 
brown braiding around cuff and 1 stripe of same material above 
elbow. 

Sergeant. One ring or stripe of narrow dark brown braiding 
on arm below elbow. 

Corporal. One ring or stripe of broad dark brown or white 
braid on arm below elbow. 

There are also other insignia in metal for special corps like 
aviators, cycUsts, bomb throwers, postal service, naval pon- 
tonniers, etc. 

The winter cloak is very ample for the cavalry and artillery 
and shorter for the infantry. 

Navy 
Belgium has no Navy. 



CHAPTER XXX 
TURKEY 

Army Uniforms 

With the exception of the red or black fez as a 
head-gear, which in the field is protected by covering 
of material of the same color as the uniform, the 
uniform of the Turkish Army is practically the same 
in cut, color, trimmings, etc., as that of the German 
field service uniform. Medals and decorations are 
worn at all times. 

Navy Uniforms 

The Turkish Navy is manned partly by German 
officers and men. The insignia of rank is similar to 
that of the British Navy. 

Admiral of the Fleet. Four small stripes above 1 
broad stripe, the top stripe forming a curl. 

Admiral. Three small stripes above 1 broad stripe, 
the top stripe forming a curl. 

Vice Admiral. Two small stripes above 1 broad 
stripe, the top stripe forming a curl. 

Rear-Admiral. One small stripe above 1 broad 
stripe, the top stripe forming a curl. 

Commodore. Broad stripe with circle denoting curl, 
above. 

188 



TURKEY 189 

Captain. Four narrow stripes, the top stripe form- 
ing a curl. 

Lieut. Captain. Same as Captain with the excep- 
tion of the stripe next to the top stripe, which is one- 
half the width of the other 3 stripes. 

Commander. Three narrow stripes, top stripe 
forming a curl. 

Lieut. Commander. Same as Commander with the 
exception of the middle stripe, which is one-half the 
width of the other stripes. 

Lieutenant. Two narrow stripes, the top stripe 
forming a curl. 

Sub-Lieutenant. One narrow stripe with curl. 

Other branches of the service wear no curl, but 
are distinguished by colors between the stripes as 
follows: Doctors, crimson; Engineers, scarlet; Con- 
structors, blue; Paymasters, white. 



CHAPTER XXXI 
SERBIA 

Army Uniforms 

In the reorganization of the Serbian Army, under 
the French and Italian direction, at the beginning 
of the war, a grayish-brown colored uniform of a 
cut similar to that of the French Army was adopted, 
with shrapnel-helmets as a head-gear. 

Navy 
Serbia has no Navy. 

MONTENEGRO 

Army Uniforms 

The Montenegro Army wears the field service uni- 
form following the Italian uniform in cut, but the 
Russian uniform in color, trimmings, and equipment. 
The native, little round cap of the corresponding 
color to the rest of the uniform is worn. 

Navy 

Montenegro has no Navy. 

190 




GENERAL 




MAJOR 




1ST 

LIEUTENKUT 



«' 



1 



^h' 



PLATE XLVI 
SERBIAN ARMY 

Shoulder Marks 




COLONEL 




CAPTMN 
1ST CLASS 




OND 

L1EUTEN^^\T 



'k 




LIEUT. 
COLONEL 




GAPTMN 
2^°CLASS 



•^ 



a 



■i^ 



J 



SERGEANT 
MAJOR 



¥ 



SERGEANT 



CORPORAL 



SOLDIER 



192 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

RUMANIA 

Army Uniforms 

The Rumanian Army wears a field service uni- 
form of a light shade of khaki, similar to that of 
Russia. The- colors of the trimmings, insignia of 
rank, etc., are retained from the old distinctive uni- 
forms. 

PORTUGAL 

Army Uniforms 

The Portuguese Army wears a field uniform light 
gray in color, of a pattern similar to that of the French 
Army. The cap is of a distinctly British type. 

BULGARIA 

Army Uniforms 

The Bulgarian field service uniform is similar to 
that of the Russian in material, cut, and equipment. 
This similarity was so pronounced previous to the 
present war that unless one was familiar with minor 
details, it was almost impossible to distinguish them. 

Navy 
Bulgaria has no Navy. 



CHAPTER XXXII 
UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 

The custom of decorating those who have dis- 
tinguished themselves by deeds of valor, with badges 
or medals designed for that purpose, goes back a 
number of centuries, but, until comparatively recent 
times, these decorations were usually bestowed upon 
those of high rank, the common soldier receiving 
but little recognition. 

In our own country medals were awarded by the 
government for victories on land and sea, from the 
Revolution to the Civil War. These were not intended 
to be worn. They were usually of large size, the 
commanding officers received them in gold, and they 
were given to subordinate officers in silver. 

By an act of Congress, approved December 21, 1861, 
the United States Government established its first 
decoration : 

The Navy Medal of Honor 

This medal was formerly given to non-commissioned 
officers and enlisted men only, for deeds of extraor- 
dinary bravery. 

The award of the Navy Medal of Honor to com- 
missioned officers of the Navy, Marine Corps and 

193 



194 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Coast Guard was authorized by an act of Congress, 
March 3, 1915. 

It consists of a five-pointed star of bronze, 54 mm. 
in diameter, each point containing a branch of oak 
and laurel, and terminating in a trefoil. In the center, 
encircled by thirty-four stars, America, personified as 
Minerva, her helmet bearing an eagle, stands with 
her left hand supporting fasces, and her right holding 
the United States shield, with which she repulses 
Discord, who holds two serpents in each hand; below, 
in very small letters, Paquet F. On the reverse is 
engraved the name, rank, and ship of the recipient 
and the place and date of the deed for which the 
medal is given, preceded by the words, '^ Personal 
Valor." 

The star is attached by an anchor to an open clasp 
of fasces, bearing a five-pointed star in the center, 
suspended by a ribbon one inch wide, which is a 
variation of the American flag, consisting of a plain 
blue field of the entire width of the ribbon, and thir- 
teen red and white stripes, from a clasp pin, similar 
to the lower clasp but without the star. 

On August 12, 1913, an order was issued by the 
Secretary of Navy, making changes in the ribbons of 
a number of medals, so that they would be the same as 
those worn by the army for similar service. This 
order changed the ribbon to a light blue silk, bearing 
thirteen white stars, the ribbon worn around the 
neck being of the same color, but without white stars. 
The Medal of Honor is worn pendant from the neck. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 195 

The Army Medal of Honor 

This medal, the new design of which was author- 
ized by Act of Congress approved April 23, 1904, is 
made of silver, heavily electroplated in gold, this 
departure from the use of the gun metal being neces- 
sary, as the base metals would not carry enameling. 
The chief feature of the old medal, the five-pointed 
star, has been retained, and in its center appears the 
head of the heroic Minerva, the highest symbol of 
wisdom and righteous war. Surrounding this central 
feature in circular form are the words United States 
of America representing nationality. An open laurel 
wreath, enameled in green, encircles the star, and 
the oak leaves at the bases of the prongs of the star 
are likewise enameled in green to give them prom- 
inence. 

The medal is suspended from a blue silk ribbon, 
spangled with thirteen white stars, representing the 
original states, and this ribbon is attached to an 
eagle supported upon a horizontal bar. Upon the 
bar, which is attached to two points of the star, ap- 
pears the word Valor, indicative of the distinguished 
service represented by the medal. The reverse of 
this bar is engraved with the words the Congress to 

The reverse side of the medal is engraved with the 
name of the person honored and the place and date of 
the distinguished service for which awarded. The 
medal may be suspended from the neck or attached 
by pin upon the left breast. The rosette is hexagonal 



196 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

in form and spangled with thirteen white stars, and 
is identical in color with the ribbon. 

Formerly it was a five-pointed star of bronze, struck 
from the same die as the Navy medal, attached to a 
clasp consisting of an eagle with wings spread resting 
on two crossed cannons, below which are eight cannon 
balls, and suspended, by a ribbon similar to the ribbon 
on the Navy medal, from a clasp pin bearing the 
United States shield in the center, a laurel branch 
and a cornucopia filled with fruit on each side. 

The reverse of the star is engraved with the name 
and rank of the recipient, the company and regiment 
to which he belonged, and the place and date of the 
act for which the medal is given. When the medal 
is given on other grounds than an act of gallantry 
at some particular time and place, this last is left off, 
but in all cases the words The Congress to precede 
the name of the recipient. The medal is therefore 
known as the Congressional Medal of Honor. 

Navy Good Conduct Medal 

The medal is of bronze, size 32 mm. In the center, 
encircled by a rope, a full rigged ship, saihng to the 
right, below the word Constitution, the whole resting 
upon an anchor, the stock of which appears above 
and the flukes below, the chain forms a circle around 
the edge, between the rope and the chain are the 
words United States and on the lower part of the 
anchor the word Navy. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 197 

Reverse, a plain field encircled by the legend 
Fidelity — ^Zeal — Obedience. In the center are en- 
graved the letters c. s. c. for Continous Service 
Certificate, the number of the certificate, the name 
of the recipient, ship on which he last served and the 
date of the expiration of the enlistment. 

The medal is attached to a plain open clasp, and 
suspended by a red ribbon. 

The additional clasps are plain with round ends, 
and rope around the edge, engraved with the name 
of the vessel. On the reverse the number, which 
corresponds with the number on the medal, and the 
date of the expiration of the enhstment for which the 
bar is given. 

Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal 

Authorized in 1896. 

Obverse. In the center encircled by a rope, a 
gunner standing behind a gun, below, a scroll bearing 
the inscription Semper Fidelis. The whole resting 
upon an anchor, the stock of which appears above, 
slightly to the left, and the flukes below, slightly to 
the right, the chain forming a circle around the edge, 
between the rope and the chain, the inscription United 
States Marine Corps. 

Reverse. Legend Fidelity Zeal Obedience encircling 
a plain field on which is engraved the number, name 
of the recipient, the words First Enlistment, the year 
in which the enlistment began, and the year in which 
it ended. 



198 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Bronze, size 33 mm., attached to a clasp in the 
shape of a musket, and suspended by a red ribbon 
with a narrow blue stripe in the center, from a pin 
edged with rope and inscribed U. S. Marine Corps. 

The additional bars are similar to the pin, engraved 
2nd Enlistment, 3rd Enlistment, etc., with the num- 
ber corresponding to the number on the medal, and 
the years of the beginning and end of the enhstment. 

Medal for the Battle of Manila Bay 

Bust of Commodore Dewey in uniform, facing right. 
On truncation of bust, in very small letters, D. C. 
French, ji898o In field, to right, an anchor resting 
on a laurel wreath with star below. Inscription in 
field in ten hnes, nine of which are separated by the 
bust. The Gift — of the — people of the — United States 
— to the officers — ^and men of the — Asiatic Squadron — 
under the command — of Commodore — George Dewey. 

Reverse. A half-nude gunner seated upon a gun, 
holding a flag horizontally across his lap, below a 
tablet on which is stamped the name of one of the 
following ships: U. S. S. Olympia, U. S. S. Boston, 
U. S. S. Baltimore, U. S. S. Concord, U. S. S. Petrel, 
U. S. S. Raleigh, U. S. R. C. McCuUough. Legend, 
In . Memory . of . the . Victory . of . Manila . Bay . 
May 1, 1898. Name and rank of recipient stamped 
on the edge. 

Bronze, size 46 mm. Attached by two rings and 
one link, to a clasp pin, bearing in the center an eagle 
with wings spread, resting on conventionalized waves; 



PLATE XLVII 

UNITED STATES NAVY 
Medals and Decorations 



MEDAL OF HONOR 



/ 



MARINE CORPS 

GOOD CONDUCT 

MEDAL 





/ 



NAVY 

'GOOD CONDUCT 

MEDAL 




CIVIL WAR 

CAMPAIGN 
BADGE 



WEST INDIES 

NAVAL CAMPAIGN 
MEDAL FOR SPECIALLY 

WERITOUOUS SERVICE 





WEST INDIES 

NAVAL CAMPAIGN 

BADGE 



BATTLE OF 

MANILA BAY 

MEDAL 







CHINA NICAURAGUAN 

SPANISH RELIEF EXPEDITION CAMPAIGN 
CAMPAIGN CAMPAIGN BADGE BADGE 



CUBAN 
PACIFICATION 



PHILIPPINE 
CAMPAIGN 




200 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

to right, the hilt of a cross-handled sword, and to the 
left an olive branch; at each end half of a wheel; the 
ribbon which is attached to the pin is IJ inches wide, 
of three stripes, blue, yellow, and blue, the center 
stripe twice the width of the others. 

West Indies Naval Campaign Medal 

Bust of Admiral Sampson in uniform, facing left. 
Legend, U. S. Naval Campaign . West Indies 1898. 
In field to left, in three lines, William T. Sampson, 
to right, in three lines, Commander in Chief. 

Reverse. Officer, gunner, and marine on deck of 
battleship, in action; below, tablet bearing the name 
of engagement for which the medal is given, and 
below that, the month and day. 

The medal is of bronze, size 38 mm., suspended by 
a watered silk ribbon of three equal stripes, red, 
blue, and red, from an oblong clasp pin, edged with 
rope, inscribed with the name of the vessel. 

West Indies Naval Campaign Medal for Specially 

Meritorious Service 

Cross patte, in the center a medallion bearing an 
anchor encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel. Le- 
gend, U. S. Naval . Campaign . West . Indies . The 
four arms inscribed Specially Meritorious Service . 1898. 

On the plain reverse is engraved the name of the 
recipient, service for which given and date. Bronze, 
diameter of cross, 32 mm. Ribbon, watered silk, red. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 201 

The issue of this medal is authorized in the Reso- 
lution of Congress (Pu])lic Resolution, No. 17) pro- 
viding for the West Indies Campaign Medal, to be 
given to the "officers and men of the Navy and Marine 
Corps who rendered specially meritorious service other- 
wise than in battle," such as the rescue of the crews 
from the burning Spanish ships that were destroyed 
on July 3 off Santiago, Cuba; the sinking of the 
Merrimac in the channel of Santiago Harbor by Naval 
Constructor Hobson and the men with him; skirting 
Santiago Harbor and locating the exact position of 
the Spanish fleet by Lieutenant Victor Blue, and other 
deeds of Uke character. 

Philippine Congressional Medal 

Obverse. Three soldiers marching to left, the 
one in the center bearing an American flag. Legend, 
Philippine Insurrection 1899. 

Reverse. Inscription in five fines for Patriotism 
Fortitude and Loyalty encircled by a wreath composed 
of a branch of palm and a branch of pine. Bronze, 
size, 33 nmi. Numbered on edge. 

Ribbon IJ inches wide, stripe of blue f inch in center, 
flanked on each side by four narrow stripes, white, 
red, white, and blue. 

Certificate of Merit Badge 

Obverse. A Roman war eagle facing with head 
turned to left and wings partially extended. Legend, 
Virtutis et Audacae Monumentum et Praemium. 



202 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Reverse. An oak wreath enclosing the words for 
merit, above, United States Army, below, thirteen stars. 
Bronze, 33 mm. Numbered on edge. 

Ribbon, 1^ inches wide, very narrow white stripe 
in center flanked on each side by three stripes, red, 
white, and blue. 

These badges were issued by order of the President 
to be given to each officer and enlisted man in the 
service who has received a Certificate of Merit. The 
authorization was published in General Orders No. 4, 
of the War Department, dated January 11, 1905. 

Campaign Badges — Army 
Civil War 

Draped bust of Lincoln facing three-quarters to the 
right. Legend, with malice toward none with charity 
for all. 

Reverse. Inscription in three hues. The Civil War 
1861-1865. Encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel. 
Bronze, size 33 mm. 

These, and all other campaign badges, are numbered 
on the edge. 

First ribbon. Narrow white stripe in center, 
flanked by three stripes, blue, white, and red. 

Second ribbon. Two equal stripes, blue and gray. 

Indian Wars 

Indian in war bonnet, on horseback, facing right, 
spear in right hand, above, Indian Wars, below, wreath 



PLATE XLVIII 

UNITED STATES ARMY 
Medals and Decorations 



MEDAL OF 



CIVIL WAR 

CAMPAIGN 

BADGE 




CERTIFICATE 

OF MERIT 

BADGE 




PHILIPPINE 

CONGRESSIONAL 
MEDAL 




HONOR 



PHILIPPINE 

INSURRECTION 

ARMY CAMPAIGN 

BADGE 





ARMY OF 

CUBAN 

OCCUPATION 




ARMY OF 

CUBAN 
PACIFICATION 



WAR WITH SPAIN 

ARMY CAMPAIGN 

BADGE 



INDIAN WAR 
CAMPAIGN 
BADGE 





CHINA RELIEF 

EXPEDITION 

CAMPAIGN BAD.GE 





204 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

composed of spearheads about two-thirds around the 
edge, united in the center by the skull of a bull. 

Reverse. An eagle with wings spread, perched on a 
mihtary trophy consisting of a cannon, six rifles, and 
four standards, an Indian shield, quiver of arrows and 
three spears, a Cuban machete, and a Sulu kris. 
Above, United States Army, below, in two lines, 
for Service, and below that, thirteen stars. Bronze, 
size 33 mm. 

Ribbon. Red with narrow borders of slightly darker 
red. 

War with Spain 

Castle with two small round towers at corners, 
said to be a modification of the castle that appears 
on the Royal Arms of Spain, the round towers pos- 
sibly referring to the two Morro Castles, at Havana 
and Santiago de Cuba; above. War with Spain 
below, 1898, to right and left, separating the legend 
and date, a branch of the tobacco plant and a stalk 
of sugar cane. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

First ribbon. Wide stripe of yellow in center, on 
each side a stripe of red bordered by a narrow stripe 
of blue. 

Second ribbon. In center, three equal stripes, 
blue, yellow, and blue, bordered by narrow stripe of 
yellow. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 205 

Philippine Insurrection 

Cocoanut palm tree bearing fruit. In field to right, 
scales; to left, Roman lamp. Legend, Philippine 
Insurrection 1899. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

Ribbon. Broad stripe of blue in center, stripe of 
red on each side and narrow border of blue. 

China Relief Expedition 
Imperial, five-toed dragon, facing. Legend, China 
Relief Expedition— 1900-1901. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 
Ribbon. Yellow, with narrow blue borders. 

Army of Cuban Pacification 

Shield bearing the arms of Cuba, resting on fasces, 
surmounted by a liberty cap bearing a single star, 
branch of oak and laurel below, on each side a soldier 
in the service uniform of the United States Army, 
rifle at parade rest; above, in two hnes, Cuban Paci- 
fication, below, 1906-1909. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

Ribbon. Wide olive stripe in center, flanked by 
narrow stripes of blue, white, and red. 

Army of Cuban Occupation 

Shield bearing the arms of Cuba resting on a fasces 
surmounted by a liberty cap on which is a single 
star, to right and left, branches of oak and laurel; 



206 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

above, the dates 1898-1902, below, ornament con- 
sisting of a dot and two spearheads. Legend, Army 
of Occupation Military Government of Cuba. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

Ribbon, three equal stripes, red, blue and red, 
separated by narrow stripes of yellow, and a narrow 
stripe of blue on each edge. 

Campaign Badges — Navy and Marine Corps 

Civil War — Navy 

Representation of the conflict between the Monitor 
and Merrimac. Legend, The Civil War, 1861-1865. 

Reverse. Eagle with wings spread resting on an 
anchor, below, in two lines, For Service, and below 
that, branches of oak and laurel joined by a ribbon. 
Legend, United States Navy. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

First ribbon. Watered silk, equal stripes of blue and 
gray. 

Second ribbon. Plain silk, same colors. 

Civil War — Marine Corps 

The same as for the Navy, except the legend on 
the reverse, United States Marine Corps. 

All of the following were issued for the two branches 
of the service, the respective obverses being from the 
same dies, and the reverses differing only in legend — 
United States Navy or United States Marine Corps. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 207 

West Indies Campaign 

View of Morro Castle, Harbor of Havana. Legend, 
West Indies Campaign 1898. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

First ribbon. Watered silk, yellow with red stripe 
with one-eighth of an inch from each edge. 

Second ribbon. Plain silk, in center three equal 
stripes, blue, yellow and blue, bordered by narrow 
stripe of yellow. 

Spanish Campaign 

The same as the West Indies Campaign, except the 
legend on the obverse, which reads Spanish Cam- 
paign 1898. Navy, obverse, first ribbon. Marine 
Corps, obverse, second ribbon. 

Philippine Campaign 

View of the gate to the old walled city of Manila. 
Legend, Philippine Campaign, 1899-1903. The dates 
and inscription being separated by palm branches. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

First ribbon. Watered silk, three equal stripes, 
red, yellow, and red. 

Second ribbon. Plain silk, broad stripe of blue in 
center, stripe of red on each side and narrow border 
of blue. Marine Corps obverse. 



208 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

China Relief Expedition 

Gate to the Forbidden City, Peking, dragon in the 
foreground. Legend, China Relief Expedition, 1900. 

Reverse as last. 

First ribbon. Watered silk, yellow with narrow 
black stripe, one-eighth of an inch from edge. Navy, 
obverse. 

Second ribbon. Plain silk, yellow with narrow blue 
borders. Marine Corps, obverse. 

As in the case of the Army campaign badges, those 
of the Navy and Marine Corps were authorized by 
order of the President. 

Cuban Pacification 

Figure representing America, with sword suspended 
from girdle, in her left hand an American flag, her 
right arm extended, offering an ohve branch to a 
Cuban, tropical scene in background, dove of peace 
above. Legend, Cuban Pacification, 1908. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

Ribbon. Plain silk, wide ohve stripe in center, 
flanked by narrow stripes of blue, white, and red. 
Navy, obverse. Marine Corps, obverse. 



UNITED STATES WAR MEDALS 209 

NiCARAGUAN CAMPAIGN 

Tropical scene with Mount Momotombo in the 
middle distance. Legend, Nicaraguan Campaign, 1912. 
Branch of laurel to right and branch of oak to left 
of date. 

Reverse as last. Bronze, size 33 mm. 

Ribbon. Plain silk, broad stripe of red in center, 
stripe of blue on each side and narrow red borders. 
Navy, obverse. Marine Corps, obverse. 



CHAPTER XXXIII 
RIBBONS OF MEDALS AND BADGES 

Nothing is more puzzling to the average citizen 
than these Uttle ribbons. 

The fact is that each Uttle ribbon and each vertical 
stripe of color therein has a deep and honorable signifi- 
cance. Every If inches of the stripe denotes that the 
bearer is the possessor of a medal awarded for valor, or 
the possessor of a badge for service in some campaign. 

As the various medals are too cumbersome to wear at 
all times, the ribbons of the medals and badges are author- 
ized to be worn in their stead with prescribed uniform. 

Medals and badges are worn by the Officers only 
on the full dress uniform and by the enlisted men 
only on the dress uniform on occasions of ceremony. 

The ribbons of medals and badges are worn on various 
other uniforms on occasions of ceremonies prescribed 
by the regulations and on all uniforms in time of war. 

Plates 49 and 50 show the colors and arrangement 
of these various ribbons.* 

1. Medal of Honor. Navy and Army, first ribbon. 
This ribbon was changed in 1913 to that shown in 
No. 3. 

* Courtesy of the American Numismatic Society, from whose 
monograph " United States War Medals," by B. L. Belden, 
these are reproduced. 

210 



RIBBOxNS OF MEDALS AND BADGES 211 

2. Medal of Honor. Army, second ribbon. 

3. Medal of Honor. Navy, second ribbon. Army, 
third ribbon. 

4. Navy Good Conduct Medal. First medal. 

5. Navy Good Conduct Medal. Second medal. 

6. Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal. 

7. Medal for the Battle of Manila Bay. 

8. West Indies Naval Campaign Medal, 1898. 

9. Medal for Specially Meritorious Service, West 
Indies Naval Campaign, 1898. 

10. Philippine Congressional Medal. 

11. Certificate of Merit Badge. 

12. Campaign Badge. Civil War, Army, first ribbon. 

13. Campaign Badge, Civil War, Army, second rib- 
bon; Navy and Marine Corps, second ribbon. 

14. Campaign Badge. Indian Wars, Army. 

15. Campaign Badge. War with Spain, Army, first 
ribbon. 

16. Campaign Badge. War with Spain, Army, sec- 
ond ribbon; West Indies Campaign, Navy and Marine 
Corps, second ribbon; Spanish Campaign, Navy and 
Marine Corps, second ribbon. 

17= Campaign Badge. PhiHppine Insurrection, Army; 
PhiHppine Campaign, Navy and Marine Corps, second 
ribbon. 

18. Campaign Badge. China Rehef Expedition, 
Army; China Rehef Expedition, Navy and Marine 
Corps, second ribbon. 

19. Campaign Badge. Cuban Pacification, Army, 
Navy and Marine Corps. 



PLATE XLIX 
UNITED STATES WAR MEDAL 



RIBBONS 




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214 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

20. Campaign Badge. Cuban Occupation, Army. 

21. Campaign Badge. Civil War, Navy and Marine 
Corps, first ribbon. 

22. Campaign Badge. West Indies Campaign, Navy 
and Marine Corps, first ribbon. Spanish Campaign, 
Navy and Marine Corps, first ribbon. 

23. Campaign Badge. Philippine Campaign, Navy 
and Marine Corps, first ribbon. 

24. Campaign Badge. China Relief Expedition, 
Navy and Marine Corps, first ribbon. 

25. Campaign Badge, Nicaraguan Campaign, Navy 
and Marine Corps. 



CHAPTER XXXIV 
DEFINITIONS OF GUNS 

A gun is a metallic tube from which projectiles are 
thrown by the explosive force of a given charge of 
gunpowder with a given muzzle velocity, or by the 
expansion of some highly compressed gas. 

A mortar is a short, heavy metallic tube using a 
high angle of fire. 

A rifle is a gun whose bore has cut on its surface 
a number of spiral ''grooves," into which the soft 
metal of the rotating band on the projectile is forced, 
thus imparting to the projectile a motion of rotation. 
The raised portions between the grooves are called 
''lands." 

The object in rifling a gun is to impart to the shell 
a rapid rotation about its axis, and thus give it the 
powers of a gyroscope. These powers resist any 
deflection of the shell's longitudinal axis, and prevent 
the shell from "tumbling." If it were not thus given 
gyroscopic properties, with great power to resist 
deflecting influences, inaccuracies would result. 

A built-up gun is a term applied to all guns made 
up of different parts, the idea being to get an assem- 
blage of parts best able to resist the pressures of the 
powder gas. The gun may be built up of different 

215 



216 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

metals. The most usual forms are: (a) the built-up 
gun with initial pressure obtained by shrinkage, the 
exterior parts being heated to go over the interior 
parts (used in our Navy); and (6) the ''wire-wound" 
gun (used to some extent in our Army). 

The bore of a gun is the hole in the gun extending 
from the breech face to the muzzle face of the tube. 
It forms a path for the projectile, and also serves 
to contain the powder charge before firing, as well as 
to confine the powder gases after firing. 

The caliber of a gun is the diameter of a cylinder 
which touches the highest points of all the lands. 

The word cahber is also used in connection with 
the length of the gun, meaning the length of the tube 
or bore divided by the diameter of the bore. A 
50-caliber 12-inch B. L. R. is 50 cahbers in length 
from the breech face to the muzzle face of the tube 
or bore, i.e., 50X12" = 600''. 

Designation of Guns. Guns are usually named 
or designated either by (1) caHber in inches, followed 
by the length of bore in cahbers and the mark of the 
gun, or (2) weight of projectile expressed in pounds for 
small caliber guns (1 to 6 pounders), followed by 
the mark of the guns; thus, 14-inch 45 cal., Mark I, 
mod. 1. 

Guns Classed Aboard Ship. The following is the 
classification for battleships and armored cruisers: 
(1) main battery; (2) secondary battery; (3) minor- 
caliber guns; (4) landing guns; (5) field guns; and 
(6) small arms. 



DEFINITIONS OF GUNS 217 

Main-battery Guns. All guns of and above 8 
inches in caliber constitute the ''main battery." 

Secondary-battery Guns. All guns of and above 4 
inches in caliber up to and including 7 inches in caliber 
constitute the secondary-battery guns. 

Torpedo-defense battery constitutes all guns desig- 
nated to repel torpedo attacks. It generally consists 
of all secondary-battery guns, but may include main- 
battery guns. 

On small vessels, such as destroyers, the guns car- 
ried constitute the ''battery," without any prefixed 
designation. 

Minor caliber guns include all guns of a caliber 
greater than small arms and less than 4 inches in 
caliber. 

Field guns are of 3-inch caliber and are supplied 
with field carriages for use on shore. They are lighter 
in weight and shorter than torpedo-defense guns of 
the same caliber. 

Boat guns are supplied with mounts for use in 
small boats, such as launches and cutters. 

Semi-automatic guns are those in which the force 
of explosion ejects the fired cartridge case and leaves 
the breech so that it clears automatically when another 
cartridge is properly inserted. 

Automatic guns are those in which the force of 
explosion is used to eject the fired cartridge case and 
load another cartridge. When ammunition is properly 
supplied no force but pressure on the trigger is required 
for continuous fire. 



218 MILITARY AND NAVAL RECOGNITION BOOK 

Machine guns are those which, with proper ammuni- 
tion supply, fire continuously when a crank or lever 
is turned. Unlike an automatic gun, the machine 
gun must have its mechanism operated by outside 
power. 

Small arms are rifles fired from the shoulder, and 
pistols. 

Subcaliber Guns. A gun is called a subcaliber 
gun when it is used, mounted inside or outside a 
larger gun, for short-range gunnery practice. One- 
pounders and small-arm rifles are used for this purpose. 

A breech mechanism, or fermeture, is a mechanical 
device for closing the rear end of the chamber or 
bore of a breech-loading gun. The term includes the 
breechblock or plug, all mechanism contained in or 
with it, and the necessary operating gear. 

The muzzle velocity of a gun is the speed at which 
the projectile leaves the gun and is measured in feet 
per second. The higher the muzzle velocity of a gun 
of given size the more powerful the gun, the longer 
the range and the straighter the trajectory. The 
trajectory is the path of the projectile through the 
air. 

A torpedo is a weapon carrying a head filled with 
gun cotton and so fitted with motive gear that after 
firing it runs by its own machinery beneath the water 
and explodes when it comes in contact with some 
sohd object. 



INDEX 



PAGE 

Armored cruiser, definition of 49 

Army, United States: 

Battalion 14 

Chief of Staff. . . .- 1 

Classes of men 17 

Company 14 

Composition of the 7 

Corps 13 

Customs of the 17 

Division 13 

Etiquette of 21 

General Staff of 2 

Grades in order of rank of officers and enlisted men 17 

Insignia of rank 83 

Non-Commissioned Officers 17 

Officers 17 

Organization of the 13 

Regiment 14 

Relative rank of officers of the 76 

Secretary of the 1 

Staff Officers of the 2 

Uniform of the 82 

War Medals of the 193 

Armies, Foreign 77 

Assistant Secretary, United States Army 1 

Assistant Secretary, United States Navy 38 

219 



220 INDEX 

PAGE 

Battle cruiser, definition of 49 

Battleship, definition of 49 

Bureaus of U. S. Navy Department, duties of 38 

Bureaus of U. S. War Department, duties of 2 

Chief of Naval Operations, U. S. Navy 38 

Chief Petty Officers, U. S. Navy 58 

Chief of Staff, U. S. Army 1 

Coast Artillery, U. S. Army 12 

Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States ....'..... 75 

(1) duties of 75 

(2) insignia of rank of officers of 123 

(3) relative rank of officers of 76 

Coast Guard, United States: 

(1) Organization 72 

(2) Insignia of rank 120 

(3) Relative rank 76 

Customs, United States Army 21 

United States Navy 62 

Destroyer, definition of 50 

Dreadnaught, definition of 49 

Duties of officers aboard ship, U. S. Navy 52 

Etiquette, United States Army 21 

United States Navy 62 

British Army 129 

Field Artillery, United States Army 11 

Fleet, United States, Composition of 46 

Foreign Armies, Peace strength and Organization of 77 

General Board of the U. S. Navy, The 42 

General Staff of the U. S. Army, The 2 

Geographical Division of the U. S. Army, The 15 

Guns, definition of 215 



INDEX 221 

PAGE 

Insignia of rank of officers of: 
Foreign Armies and Navies: 

Austria-Hungary 161 

Belgium 182 

Bulgaria 192 

France 136 

Germany 145 

Great Britain 125 

Italy 153 

Japan 170 

Montenegro 190 

Portugal 192 

Rumania 192 

Russia 177 

Serbia 190 

Turkey 188 

United States Army 83 

Coast and Geodetic Survey 123 

Coast Guard 120 

Light House Service 119 

Marine Corps 117 

Naval Militia 115 

Naval Reserve 112 

Navy 102 

Junior Naval Reserve, United States, The 37 

Light House Service: 

Duties of 73 

Insignia of rank , . 119 

Line Officers, United States Army 11 

United States Navy • 54 

Marine Corps, United States: 70 

Commandant 71 



222 INDEX 

PAGE 

Marine Corps, United States: 

Insignia of rank 117 

Organization 70 

Relative rank 76 

Reserve 71 

Monitor, definition of 50 

Naval Districts, United States 44 

Naval Militia, United States: 

Composition 33 

Insignia of rank 115 

Relative rank 114 

Naval Reserve, United States: 

Composition 35 

Insignia of rank 112 

Relative rank 114 

Junior 37 

Naval War College 45 

Navy, United States: 

Bureaus 39 

Chief of Operations 58 

Chief Petty Officers 58 

Classes of men 58 

Composition 33 

Customs 62 

Districts 44 

Duties of Officers of 52 

Etiquette 62 

Grades in order of rank 76 

Line officers ......; 56 

Officers 55 

Organization of: 

(1) Afloat 46 

(2) Ashore 38 

Personnel of ships of 52 



INDEX 223 



PAGE 



Navy, United States: 

Petty Officers ^^ 

Secretary of the ^^ 

Ships of the, definition of 49 

Staff Officers of the 59 

War Medals of the 193 

Warrant Officers of the 57 

Officers, United States Army, Duties of .' 14 

United States Navy, Duties of 52 

Personnel of Army, United States 17 

Personnel of Navy, United States 52 

Ships, United States 49 

Ribbons of Medals and Badges 210 

Secretary of United States Army 1 

Secretary of United States Navy 38 

Staff Officers, United States Navy: 

(1) Composition of 56 

(2) Relative rank of 59 

Staff, United States Army: 

(1) Organization of 2 

(2) Duties of officers of 2 

Submarine, definition of 50 

Submarine chaser, definition of 50 

Table of relative ranks, United States Mihtary Forces 76 

Uniforms : 

Foreign Armies and Navies: 

Austria-Hungary 161 

Belgium 1^2 

Bulgaria 1^^ 

France 13^ 



224 - INDEX 

PAGE 

Uniforms : 

Germany 145 

Great Britain 125 

Italy 153 

Japan 170 

Montenegro 190 

Portugal 192 

Rumania •. 192 

Russia 177 

Serbia 199 

Turkey 188 

United States Army 82 

Coast and Geodetic Survey 124 

Coast Guard 118 

Light House Service 122 

Marine Corps 116 

Naval Militia 114 

Naval Reserve 114 

Navy 101 

War Medals, United States Army and Navy 193 

Warrant Officers, United States Navy 57 



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MILITARY BOOKS 



A Short Title List 
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of All Publishers 




D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY 

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AERONAUTICS 

BURLS, G. A. 
Aero Engines $3.50 

DIXIE, A. E. 
Air Navigation for Flight Officers 4 . 00 

DOMMETT, W. E. 

Aeroplanes and Airships 80 

DUCHENE, COMMANDANT 

Flight Without Formulae 2 . 50 

DUCHENE, COMMANDANT 

The Mechanics of the Aeroplane 2 . 50 

EIFFEL, G. {translated by J. C. HUNSACKER) 

Resistance of Air and Aviation 10 00 

FACE, A. 

The Aeroplane 2 . 50 

GRAHAM-WHITE, C, and HARPER, H. 

Learning to Fly • • ; 75 

GREENHILL, G. 

Dynamics of Mechanical Flight 2 . 50 

HAYWARD, CHAS. B. 
Building and Flying an Aeroplane 1 00 

JUDGE, A. W. 

Design cf Aeroplanes 4 50 



KENNEDY, R. 

Flying Machines * Practice and Design . , . $2 . 00 
KENNEDY, R. 

Aeroplane Construction 1 . 50 

LANCHESTER, F. W. 

Flying Machines from an Engineering Standpoint 3 00 
LANCHESTER, F. W. 

Aerial Flight, 2 vols. 

Vol. I — Aerodynamics 6.00 

Vol. II — Aerodonetics 6 00 

LANCHESTER, F. W. 

Aircraft in War 4 . 00 

LOENING, G. C. 

Military Aeroplanes 4.76 

MATTHEWS, R. B. 

Aviation Pocket Book for 1917 1 . 50 

PAGE, VICTOR W. 

Aviation Chart ; Power Plant Troubles Made Easy . 50 

Aviation Engines ; Design, Construction, Repair . 3.00 

Glossary of Aviation Terms; English-French. 

Francais- Anglais 1 00 

PIERCE, R. M . 

Dictionary of Aviation 1 . 50 

ROBSON, WILLIAM A. 

Aircraft in War and Peace .... . . 1 . 00 

SPAIGHT, J. M. 

Aircraft in War '. . 2.00 

TALBOT, F. A. 
Aeroplanes and Dirigibles of War . . . . . 1.25 

WIDMER, E. J. 
Military Observation Balloons 3 . 00 

WOODHOUSE, H. 
Textbook of Military Aeronautics 6 . 00 

ARTILLERY, COAST AND FIELD 

Gunnery and Explosives for Field Artillery Officers 40 

HAMMOND, J. S. and OLM STEAD D. 
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